C. Asselin-paturel, A. Boonstra, M. Dalod, I. Durand, N. Yessaad et al., Mouse type I IFNproducing cells are immature APCs with plasmacytoid morphology, Nat. Immunol, vol.2, pp.1144-1150, 2001.

M. Bonneville, R. L. O'brien, and W. K. Born, Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.10, pp.467-478, 2010.

A. Britan, V. Maffre, S. Tone, and J. R. Drevet, Quantitative and spatial differences in the expression of tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes in mouse epididymis, Cell Tissue Res, vol.324, pp.301-310, 2006.

J. L. Coombes, K. R. Siddiqui, C. V. Arancibia-cárcamo, J. Hall, C. Sun et al., A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism, J. Exp. Med, vol.204, pp.1757-1764, 2007.

T. G. Cooper, C. Yeung, R. Jones, M. Orgebin-crist, and B. Robaire, Rebuttal of a role for the epididymis in sperm quality control by phagocytosis of defective sperm, J. Cell. Sci, vol.115, pp.5-7, 2002.

D. Silva, N. Barton, and C. R. , Macrophages and dendritic cells in the post-testicular environment, Cell Tissue Res, vol.363, pp.97-104, 2016.

D. Silva, N. Cortez-retamozo, V. Reinecker, H. Wildgruber, M. Hill et al., A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis, Reproduction, vol.141, pp.653-663, 2011.

Y. Duan, P. Wang, W. Zheng, Q. Zhang, W. Huang et al., Characterisation of dendritic cell subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, Andrologia, vol.48, pp.431-440, 2016.

D. S. Friend and N. B. Gilula, Variations in tight and gap junctions in mammalian tissues, J. Cell Biol, vol.53, pp.758-776, 1972.

M. Guilliams, F. Ginhoux, C. Jakubzick, S. H. Naik, N. Onai et al., Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.14, pp.571-578, 2014.

M. Guilliams, C. Dutertre, C. L. Scott, N. Mcgovern, D. Sichien et al., Unsupervised high-dimensional analysis aligns dendritic cells across tissues and species, Immunity, vol.45, pp.669-684, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01376187

R. Guiton, J. Henry-berger, and J. R. Drevet, The immunobiology of the mammalian epididymis: the black box is now open!, Basic Clin. Androl, vol.23, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00879088

G. Haidl, J. P. Allam, and H. Schuppe, Chronic epididymitis: impact on semen parameters and therapeutic options, Andrologia, vol.40, pp.92-96, 2008.

M. P. Hedger, Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis, J. Androl, vol.32, pp.625-640, 2011.

E. E. Hillhouse and S. Lesage, A comprehensive review of the phenotype and function of antigen-specific immunoregulatory double negative T cells, J. Autoimmun, vol.40, pp.58-65, 2013.

A. Jrad-lamine, J. Henry-berger, P. Gourbeyre, C. Damon-soubeyrand, A. Lenoir et al., Deficient tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway reveals that the epididymis is in a unique tolerogenic state, J. Biol. Chem, vol.286, pp.8030-8042, 2011.

A. Jrad-lamine, J. Henry-berger, C. Damon-soubeyrand, F. Saez, A. Kocer et al., Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (ido1) is involved in the control of mouse caput epididymis immune environment, PLoS One, vol.8, 2013.

A. Jungwirth, A. Giwercman, H. Tournaye, T. Diemer, Z. Kopa et al., European association of urology working group on male infertility,. european association of urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update, Eur. Urol, vol.62, pp.324-332, 2012.

G. Matteoli, E. Mazzini, I. D. Iliev, E. Mileti, F. Fallarino et al., Gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction, Gut, vol.59, pp.595-604, 2010.

N. Mcgovern, A. Schlitzer, B. Janela, and F. Ginhoux, Protocols for the identification and isolation of antigen-Presenting cells in human and mouse tissues, Methods Mol. Biol, vol.1423, pp.169-180, 2016.

V. Michel, A. Pilatz, M. P. Hedger, and A. Meinhardt, Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences, Asian J. Androl, vol.17, pp.756-763, 2015.

A. Mildner, G. Marinkovic, and S. Jung, Murine monocytes: origins, subsets fates, and functions, 2016.

D. Nashan, U. Malorny, C. Sorg, T. Cooper, and E. Nieschlag, Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis, Int. J. Androl, vol.12, pp.85-94, 1989.

D. Nashan, T. G. Cooper, U. A. Knuth, P. Schubeus, C. Sorg et al., Presence and distribution of leucocyte subsets in the murine epididymis after vasectomy, Int. J. Androl, vol.13, pp.39-49, 1990.

C. M. Ribeiro, E. J. Silva, B. T. Hinton, and M. C. Avellar, ?-defensins and the epididymis: contrasting influences of prenatal, postnatal, and adult scenarios, Asian J. Androl, vol.18, pp.323-328, 2016.

A. W. Ritchie, T. B. Hargreave, K. James, and G. D. Chisholm, Intra-epithelial lymphocytes in the normal epididymis. A mechanism for tolerance to sperm auto-antigens?, Br. J. Urol, vol.56, pp.79-83, 1984.

J. Roy, B. Kim, E. Hill, P. Visconti, D. Krapf et al., Tyrosine kinase-mediated axial motility of basal cells revealed by intravital imaging, Nat. Commun, vol.7, 2016.

A. Schlitzer, N. Mcgovern, and F. Ginhoux, Dendritic cells and monocyte-derived cells: two complementary and integrated functional systems, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol, vol.41, pp.9-22, 2015.

O. Schulz, E. Jaensson, E. K. Persson, X. Liu, T. Worbs et al., Intestinal CD103+, but not CX3CR1+, antigen sampling cells migrate in lymph and serve classical dendritic cell functions, J. Exp. Med, vol.206, pp.3101-3114, 2009.

V. Serre and B. Robaire, Distribution of immune cells in the epididymis of the aging Brown Norway rat is segment-specific and related to the luminal content, Biol. Reprod, vol.61, pp.705-714, 1999.

W. W. Shum, T. B. Smith, V. Cortez-retamozo, L. S. Grigoryeva, J. W. Roy et al., Epithelial basal cells are distinct from dendritic cells and macrophages in the mouse epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.90, p.90, 2014.

T. B. Smith, V. Cortez-retamozo, L. S. Grigoryeva, E. Hill, M. J. Pittet et al., Mononuclear phagocytes rapidly clear apoptotic epithelial cells in the proximal epididymis, Andrology, vol.2, pp.755-762, 2014.

M. J. Smyth, K. Y. Thia, S. E. Street, E. Cretney, J. A. Trapani et al., Differential tumor surveillance by natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.191, pp.661-668, 2000.

J. E. Stern, S. Gardner, D. Quirk, and C. R. Wira, Secretory immune system of the male reproductive tract: effects of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol on IgA and secretory component levels, J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.22, pp.73-85, 1992.

M. J. Tomlinson, A. White, C. L. Barratt, A. E. Bolton, and I. D. Cooke, The removal of morphologically abnormal sperm forms by phagocytes: a positive role for seminal leukocytes?, Hum. Reprod, vol.7, pp.517-522, 1992.

K. S. Tung, J. Harakal, H. Qiao, C. Rival, J. C. Li et al., Egress of sperm autoantigen from seminiferous tubules maintains systemic tolerance, J. Clin. Invest, vol.127, pp.1046-1060, 2017.

E. Yakirevich, O. Yanai, Y. Sova, E. Sabo, A. Stein et al., Cytotoxic phenotype of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in normal and cryptorchid human testicular excurrent ducts, Hum. Reprod, vol.17, pp.275-283, 2002.

J. M. Den-haan, S. M. Lehar, and M. J. Bevan, CD8(+) but not CD8(?) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo, J. Exp. Med, vol.192, pp.1685-1696, 2000.

C. Yeung, K. Wang, and T. G. Cooper, Why are epididymal tumours so rare?, Asian J. Androl, vol.14, pp.465-475, 2012.

A. Voisin, Journal of Reproductive Immunology, vol.126, pp.11-17, 2018.

D. L. Mueller, Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance, Nat Immunol, 2010.

M. Gilliet and Y. Liu, Generation of human CD8 T regulatory cells by CD40 ligand-389 activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J Exp Med, vol.195, issue.6, pp.695-704, 2002.

A. Toda and C. A. Piccirillo, Development and function of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ 391 regulatory T cells, J Leukoc Biol, vol.80, issue.3, pp.458-70, 2006.

F. Francavilla, R. Santucci, A. Barbonetti, and S. Francavilla, Naturally-occurring antisperm 393 antibodies in men: interference with fertility and clinical implications. An update

. Biosci and . Libr, , vol.12, pp.2890-911, 2007.

M. O. Li, Y. Y. Wan, S. Sanjabi, A. Robertson, and R. A. Flavell, Transforming growth factor-396 beta regulation of immune responses, Annu Rev Immunol, vol.24, pp.99-146, 2006.

H. Chang, C. W. Brown, and M. M. Matzuk, Genetic analysis of the mammalian transforming 398 growth factor-beta superfamily, Endocr Rev, vol.23, issue.6, pp.787-823, 2002.

M. M. Shull, I. Ormsby, A. B. Kier, S. Pawlowski, R. J. Diebold et al., Targeted 400 disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal 401 inflammatory disease, Nature, vol.359, issue.6397, pp.693-702, 1992.

G. R. Dohle, G. M. Colpi, T. B. Hargreave, G. K. Papp, A. Jungwirth et al., EAU 457 guidelines on male infertility, Eur Urol, vol.48, issue.5, pp.703-714, 2005.

A. Jungwirth, A. Giwercman, H. Tournaye, T. Diemer, Z. Kopa et al., European 459 Association of Urology guidelines on Male Infertility: the 2012 update, Eur Urol, vol.62, issue.2, pp.324-356, 2012460-08.

J. P. Harnisch, R. E. Berger, E. R. Alexander, G. Monda, and K. K. Holmes, Aetiology of acute 462 epididymitis, Lancet, vol.1, issue.8016, pp.819-840, 1977.

R. E. Berger, E. R. Alexander, J. P. Harnisch, C. A. Paulsen, G. D. Monda et al.,

F. B. Kuzan, D. L. Patton, S. M. Allen, and C. C. Kuo, A proposed mouse model for acute 619 epididymitis provoked by genital serovar E, Chlamydia trachomatis, Biol Reprod, vol.40, issue.1, pp.165-72, 1989620-01.

C. Jantos, W. Baumgärtner, B. Durchfeld, and H. G. Schiefer, Experimental epididymitis due to 622

, Chlamydia trachomatis in rats, Infect Immun, vol.60, issue.6, pp.2324-2332, 1992.

D. Nashan, C. Jantos, D. Ahlers, M. Bergmann, H. G. Schiefer et al., Immuno-624 competent cells in the murine epididymis following infection with Escherichia coli. Int 625, J Androl, vol.16, issue.1, pp.47-52, 1993.

M. Ludwig, S. Johannes, M. Bergmann, K. Failing, H. G. Schiefer et al.,

, Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rats: a model to assess the outcome of 628 antibiotic treatment, BJU Int, vol.90, issue.9, pp.933-941, 2002.

Y. Duan, P. Wang, W. Zheng, Q. Zhang, W. Huang et al., Characterisation of 630 dendritic cell subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, Andrologia, vol.48, issue.4, pp.431-471, 2016631-05.

W. Zheng, Y. Wang, J. Chen, Y. Zhu, M. Li et al., Identification and function 633 analysis of macrophages subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, Int J Clin, vol.634

, Exp Pathol, vol.10, issue.3, pp.2461-2477, 2017.

J. H. Niess, S. Brand, X. Gu, L. Landsman, S. Jung et al., CX3CR1-636 mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance, Science, vol.637, issue.5707, pp.254-262, 2005.

O. Schulz, E. Jaensson, E. K. Persson, X. Liu, T. Worbs et al., Intestinal 639 CD103+, but not CX3CR1+, antigen sampling cells migrate in lymph and serve 640 classical dendritic cell functions, J Exp Med, vol.206, issue.13, pp.3101-3115, 2009.

M. Bonneville, R. L. O'brien, and W. K. Born, Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend 642 of innate programming and acquired plasticity, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.10, issue.7, p.467, 2010.

R. K. Braun, C. Ferrick, P. Neubauer, M. Sjoding, A. Sterner-kock et al., IL-17 645 producing gammadelta T cells are required for a controlled inflammatory response after 646 bleomycin-induced lung injury, Inflammation, vol.31, issue.3, pp.167-79, 2008.

A. Mildner, G. Marinkovic, and S. Jung, Murine Monocytes: Origins, Subsets, Fates, and 648 Functions, Microbiol Spectr, vol.4, issue.5, 2016.

T. T. Turner, T. Mammen, P. Kavoussi, J. J. Lysiak, and R. A. Costabile, Cytokine responses to E. 650 coli-induced epididymitis in the rat: blockade by vasectomy, Urology, vol.77, issue.6, pp.1507-1516, 2011651-06.

R. Pérez-clavier, R. G. Harrison, and E. W. Macmillian, The pattern of the lymphatic drainage 653 of the rat epididymis, J Anat, vol.134, pp.667-75, 1982.

F. Suzuki, Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excurrent duct system, Am J Anat, vol.655, issue.4, pp.309-334, 1982.

S. Caspar-bauguil, B. Cousin, A. Galinier, C. Segafredo, M. Nibbelink et al.,

, Adipose tissues as an ancestral immune organ: site-specific change in obesity, FEBS, vol.658

. Lett, , vol.579, pp.3487-92, 2005.

T. Kondo, Y. Toyoshima, Y. Ishii, and S. Kyuwa, Natural killer T cells in adipose tissue are 660 activated in lean mice, Exp Anim, vol.62, issue.4, pp.319-347, 2013.

E. M. Steinert, E. A. Thompson, L. K. Beura, O. A. Adam, J. S. Mitchell et al., Cutting 662 Edge: Evidence for Nonvascular Route of Visceral Organ Immunosurveillance by T 663

. Cells, J Immunol, vol.201, issue.2, pp.337-379, 2018.

D. J. Beccia, R. J. Krane, and C. A. Olsson, Clinical management of non-testicular intrascrotal 665 tumors, J Urol, vol.116, issue.4, pp.476-485, 1976.

M. Mandon, L. Hermo, and D. G. Cyr, Isolated Rat Epididymal Basal Cells Share Common 667 Properties with Adult Stem Cells, Biol Reprod, vol.93, issue.5, p.115, 2015.

K. V. Desai, K. C. Flanders, and P. Kondaiah, Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 669 isoforms in the rat male accessory sex organs and epididymis, Cell Tissue Res, vol.294, issue.2, pp.271-278, 1998670-11.

M. D. Vesely, M. H. Kershaw, R. D. Schreiber, and M. J. Smyth, Natural innate and adaptive 672 immunity to cancer, Annu Rev Immunol, vol.29, pp.235-71, 2011.

B. Silva-santos, K. Serre, and H. Norell, ?? T cells in cancer, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.15, issue.11, pp.683-91, 2015674-11.

J. Lee, M. D. Minden, W. C. Chen, E. Streck, B. Chen et al., Allogeneic Human, vol.676

, Double Negative T Cells as a Novel Immunotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and, p.677

, Its Underlying Mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res, vol.24, issue.2, pp.370-82, 2018.

K. J. Young, L. S. Kay, M. J. Phillips, and L. Zhang, Antitumor activity mediated by double-679 negative T cells, Cancer Res, vol.63, issue.22, pp.8014-8035, 2003.

C. M. Koebel, W. Vermi, J. B. Swann, N. Zerafa, S. J. Rodig et al., Adaptive 681 immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state, Nature, vol.450, issue.7171, pp.903-910, 2007.

C. Jhappan, D. Gallahan, C. Stahle, C. E. Smith, G. H. Merlino et al., Expression of an 684 activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces 685 neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands, Genes Dev, vol.6, issue.3, pp.345-55, 1992686-03.

E. Stöcklin, F. Botteri, and B. Groner, An activated allele of the c-erbB-2 oncogene impairs 688 kidney and lung function and causes early death of transgenic mice, J Cell Biol, vol.122, issue.1, pp.199-208, 1993689-07.

C. T. Guy, R. D. Cardiff, and W. J. Muller, Activated neu induces rapid tumor progression, J Biol, p.691

. Chem, , vol.271, pp.7673-7681, 1996.

E. Gilbert, A. Morel, M. Tulliez, R. Maunoury, F. Terzi et al., In vivo effects 693 of activated H-ras oncogene expressed in the liver and in urogenital tissues, Int J 694 Cancer, vol.73, issue.5, pp.749-56, 1997.

E. I. Korpelainen, M. J. Karkkainen, A. Tenhunen, M. Lakso, H. Rauvala et al.,

, Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: 697 evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF, J Cell Biol, vol.143, issue.6, p.1705, 1998.

L. Perle, K. Blomme, E. Sagartz, J. E. Capen, and C. C. , Epididymal cribriform 700 hyperplasia with nuclear atypia in p53 homozygous, pp.129-701

. Fvb/n-background, Comp Med, vol.52, issue.6, pp.568-71, 2002.

B. Bierie, M. Nozawa, J. Renou, J. M. Shillingford, F. Morgan et al., Activation 703 of beta-catenin in prostate epithelium induces hyperplasias and squamous 704 transdifferentiation, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.25, pp.3875-87, 2003.

P. Sipilä, R. Shariatmadari, I. T. Huhtaniemi, and M. Poutanen, Immortalization of epididymal 706 epithelium in transgenic mice expressing simian virus 40 T antigen: characterization of 707 cell lines and regulation of the polyoma enhancer activator 3. Endocrinology, vol.145, pp.437-483, 2004708-01.

I. J. Frew, A. Minola, S. Georgiev, M. Hitz, H. Moch et al., Combined VHLH 710 and PTEN mutation causes genital tract cystadenoma and squamous metaplasia, Mol 711 Cell Biol, vol.28, issue.14, pp.4536-4584, 2008.

M. P. Hedger, Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and 713 epididymis, J Androl, vol.32, issue.6, pp.625-665, 2011.

E. Veräjänkorva, P. Pöllänen, A. Hänninen, M. Martikainen, J. Sundström et al., IL-715 10 is highly expressed in the cryptorchid cryptepididymal epithelium: a probable 716 mechanism preventing immune responses against autoantigenic spermatozoa in the 717 epididymal tubule, Int J Androl, vol.25, issue.3, pp.129-162, 2002.

W. R. Winnall, H. Wu, M. A. Sarraj, P. Rogers, D. M. De-kretser et al.,

, Expression patterns of activin, inhibin and follistatin variants in the adult male mouse 720 reproductive tract suggest important roles in the epididymis and vas deferens

, Fertil Dev, vol.25, issue.3, pp.570-80, 2013.

A. O. Bahathiq, R. L. Stewart, L. Baxter, M. Wells, H. D. Moore et al., Tissue 723 immunoexpression and messenger ribonucleic acid localization of inhibin/activin 724 subunit in human epididymis, Fertil Steril, vol.83, issue.1, pp.78-85, 2005.

S. E. Segerer, N. Müller, . Brandt-j-van-den, M. Kapp, J. Dietl et al., The 726 glycoprotein-hormones activin A and inhibin A interfere with dendritic cell maturation

, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, vol.6, p.17, 2008.

M. P. Hedger, W. R. Winnall, D. J. Phillips, D. De-kretser, T. Zhang et al., Localization of plasminogen activator and 734 inhibitor, LH and androgen receptors and inhibin subunits in monkey epididymis, Mol 735 Hum Reprod, vol.3, issue.11, pp.945-52, 1997.

P. Terness, T. M. Bauer, L. Röse, C. Dufter, A. Watzlik et al., Inhibition of 737 allogeneic T cell proliferation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic 738 cells: mediation of suppression by tryptophan metabolites, J Exp Med, vol.196, issue.4, pp.447-57, 2002.

B. T. Zhu, Development of selective immune tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus 741 during pregnancy: Role of tryptophan catabolites (Review), Int J Mol Med, 2010.

D. Bomgardner, U. Wehrenberg, and G. M. Rune, TGF-beta could be involved in paracrine 744 actions in the epididymis of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), J Androl, vol.20, issue.3, pp.375-83, 1999745-06.

Y. S. Oh, E. J. Na, and M. C. Gye, Effects of bilateral vasectomy on the interleukin 1 system in 747 mouse epididymis, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.76, issue.3, pp.235-277, 2016.

F. Alves, M. T. Midura-kiela, S. D. Fleming, B. D. Schultz, and P. R. Kiela, Transforming 749

, Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Dendritic Cells Is Required for Immunotolerance to 750 Sperm in the Epididymis, Front Immunol, vol.9, p.1882, 2018.

D. S. Johnston, S. A. Jelinsky, H. J. Bang, P. Dicandeloro, E. Wilson et al., The 752 mouse epididymal transcriptome: transcriptional profiling of segmental gene 753 expression in the epididymis, Biol Reprod, vol.73, issue.3, pp.404-417, 2005.

E. M. Shevach, R. A. Dipaolo, J. Andersson, D. Zhao, G. L. Stephens et al., The 755 lifestyle of naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, Immunol Rev, vol.756, pp.60-73, 2006.

K. Wheeler, S. Tardif, C. Rival, B. Luu, E. Bui et al., Regulatory T cells 758 control tolerogenic versus autoimmune response to sperm in vasectomy, Proc Natl, vol.759

A. Sci and U. , , vol.108, pp.7511-7517, 2011.

C. Rival, K. Wheeler, S. Jeffrey, H. Qiao, B. Luu et al., Regulatory T cells and 761 vasectomy, J Reprod Immunol, vol.100, issue.1, pp.66-75, 2013.

A. Toda and C. A. Piccirillo, Development and function of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ 763 regulatory T cells, J Leukoc Biol, vol.80, issue.3, pp.458-70, 2006.

G. Matteoli, E. Mazzini, I. D. Iliev, E. Mileti, F. Fallarino et al., Gut CD103+ 765 dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T 766 effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction, Gut, vol.59, issue.5, pp.595-604, 2010.

M. N. Martina, S. Noel, A. Saxena, H. Rabb, and A. Hamad, Double negative (DN) ?? T 768 cells: misperception and overdue recognition, Immunol Cell Biol, vol.93, issue.3, p.305, 2015.

Z. X. Zhang, L. Yang, K. J. Young, B. Dutemple, and L. Zhang, Identification of a previously 771 unknown antigen-specific regulatory T cell and its mechanism of suppression, Nat, vol.772

. Med, , vol.6, pp.782-791, 2000.

J. F. Gao, M. Mcintyre, S. C. Juvet, J. Diao, X. Li et al., Regulation of 774 antigen-expressing dendritic cells by double negative regulatory T cells, Eur J 775 Immunol, vol.41, issue.9, pp.2699-708, 2011.

E. E. Hillhouse and S. Lesage, A comprehensive review of the phenotype and function of 777 antigen-specific immunoregulatory double negative T cells, J Autoimmun, vol.40, pp.58-65, 2013778-02.

S. Voelkl, R. Gary, and A. Mackensen, Characterization of the immunoregulatory function of 780 human TCR-??+ CD4-CD8-double-negative T cells, Eur J Immunol, vol.41, issue.3, pp.739-787, 2011781-03.

A. Stammler, D. Müller, Y. Tabuchi, L. Konrad, and R. Middendorff, TGF?s modulate 783 permeability of the blood-epididymis barrier in an in vitro model, PLoS ONE, vol.784, issue.11, p.80611, 2013.

K. Abe, H. Takano, and T. Ito, Ultrastructure of the mouse epididymal duct with special reference to the regional differences of the principal cells, Arch Histol Jpn, vol.46, pp.51-68, 1983.

A. Abou-haïla and M. A. Fain-maurel, Regional differences of the proximal part of mouse epididymis: morphological and histochemical characterization, Anat. Rec, vol.209, pp.197-208, 1984.

H. I. Adamali and L. Hermo, Apical and narrow cells are distinct cell types differing in their structure, distribution, and functions in the adult rat epididymis, J. Androl, vol.17, pp.208-222, 1996.

A. Agarwal and A. P. Hoffer, Ultrastructural studies on the development of the bloodepididymis barrier in immature rats, J. Androl, vol.10, pp.425-431, 1989.

R. J. Aitken and M. A. Baker, Oxidative stress and male reproductive biology, Reprod. Fertil. Dev, vol.16, pp.581-588, 2004.

R. J. Akhurst and R. Derynck, TGF-beta signaling in cancer--a double-edged sword, Trends Cell Biol, vol.11, pp.44-51, 2001.

S. Akira, S. Uematsu, and O. Takeuchi, Pathogen recognition and innate immunity, Cell, vol.124, pp.783-801, 2006.

J. G. Alvarez, J. C. Touchstone, L. Blasco, and B. T. Storey, Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity, J. Androl, vol.8, pp.338-348, 1987.

M. H. Andersen, D. Schrama, P. Thor-straten, and J. C. Becker, Cytotoxic T cells, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.126, pp.32-41, 2006.

J. P. Annes, J. S. Munger, and D. B. Rifkin, Making sense of latent TGFbeta activation, J. Cell. Sci, vol.116, pp.217-224, 2003.

P. B. Armstrong, The contribution of proteinase inhibitors to immune defense, Trends Immunol, vol.22, pp.47-52, 2001.

C. Asseman, S. Mauze, M. W. Leach, R. L. Coffman, and F. Powrie, An essential role for interleukin 10 in the function of regulatory T cells that inhibit intestinal inflammation, J. Exp. Med, vol.190, pp.995-1004, 1999.

M. I. Aveldaño, N. P. Rotstein, and N. T. Vermouth, Lipid remodelling during epididymal maturation of rat spermatozoa. Enrichment in plasmenylcholines containing longchain polyenoic fatty acids of the n-9 series, Biochem. J, vol.283, pp.235-241, 1992.

M. C. Avellar, L. Honda, K. G. Hamil, Y. Radhakrishnan, S. Yenugu et al., Novel aspects of the sperm-associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) gene organization and expression in cattle (Bos taurus), Biol. Reprod, vol.76, pp.1103-1116, 2007.

M. Baggiolini, Chemokines in pathology and medicine, J. Intern. Med, vol.250, pp.91-104, 2001.

A. O. Bahathiq, R. L. Stewart, L. Baxter, M. Wells, H. D. Moore et al., Tissue immunoexpression and messenger ribonucleic acid localization of inhibin/activin subunit in human epididymis, Fertil. Steril, vol.83, pp.78-85, 2005.

H. J. Ball, A. Sanchez-perez, S. Weiser, C. J. Austin, F. Astelbauer et al., Characterization of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein found in humans and mice, Gene, vol.396, pp.203-213, 2007.

G. J. Bancroft, R. D. Schreiber, and E. R. Unanue, Natural immunity: a T-cellindependent pathway of macrophage activation, defined in the scid mouse, Immunol. Rev, vol.124, pp.5-24, 1991.

K. M. Baska, G. Manandhar, D. Feng, Y. Agca, M. W. Tengowski et al., Mechanism of extracellular ubiquitination in the mammalian epididymis, J. Cell. Physiol, vol.215, pp.684-696, 2008.

E. L. Bearer and D. S. Friend, Morphology of mammalian sperm membranes during differentiation, maturation, and capacitation, J Electron Microsc Tech, vol.16, pp.281-297, 1990.

V. Beaulieu, N. Da-silva, N. Pastor-soler, C. R. Brown, P. J. Smith et al., Modulation of the actin cytoskeleton via gelsolin regulates vacuolar H+-ATPase recycling, J. Biol. Chem, vol.280, pp.8452-8463, 2005.

D. J. Beccia, R. J. Krane, and C. A. Olsson, Clinical management of non-testicular intrascrotal tumors, J. Urol, vol.116, pp.476-479, 1976.

A. D. Befus, C. Mowat, M. Gilchrist, J. Hu, S. Solomon et al., Neutrophil defensins induce histamine secretion from mast cells: mechanisms of action, J. Immunol, vol.163, pp.947-953, 1999.

M. L. Belladonna, P. Puccetti, C. Orabona, F. Fallarino, C. Vacca et al., Immunosuppression via tryptophan catabolism: the role of kynurenine pathway enzymes, Transplantation, vol.84, pp.17-20, 2007.

F. C. Berti, A. P. Pereira, G. C. Cebinelli, K. P. Trugilo, and K. Brajão-de-oliveira, The role of interleukin 10 in human papilloma virus infection and progression to cervical carcinoma, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, vol.34, pp.1-13, 2017.

E. Bettelli, Y. Carrier, W. Gao, T. Korn, T. B. Strom et al., Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells, Nature, vol.441, pp.235-238, 2006.

E. Bettelli, T. Korn, M. Oukka, and V. K. Kuchroo, Induction and effector functions of T(H)17 cells, Nature, vol.453, pp.1051-1057, 2008.

S. Bhattacharyya, P. Sen, M. Wallet, B. Long, A. S. Baldwin et al., , 2004.

, Immunoregulation of dendritic cells by IL-10 is mediated through suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway and of IkappaB kinase activity, Blood, vol.104, pp.1100-1109

B. Bierie, M. Nozawa, J. Renou, J. M. Shillingford, F. Morgan et al., Activation of beta-catenin in prostate epithelium induces hyperplasias and squamous transdifferentiation, Oncogene, vol.22, pp.3875-3887, 2003.

B. Biswas, Y. , and S. , Antimicrobial responses in the male reproductive tract of lipopolysaccharide challenged rats, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.65, pp.557-568, 2011.

B. Biswas, S. Bhushan, A. Rajesh, S. K. Suraj, Y. Lu et al., , 2015.

, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induced antimicrobial gene expression in the male reproductive tract of rat: evaluation of the potential of Defensin 21 to limit infection, Andrology, vol.3, pp.368-375

I. Björkgren, L. Saastamoinen, A. Krutskikh, I. Huhtaniemi, M. Poutanen et al., Dicer1 ablation in the mouse epididymis causes dedifferentiation of the epithelium and imbalance in sex steroid signaling, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.38457, 2012.

A. L. Blasius and B. Beutler, Intracellular toll-like receptors, Immunity, vol.32, pp.305-315, 2010.

G. C. Blobe, W. P. Schiemann, and H. F. Lodish, Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.342, pp.1350-1358, 2000.

C. P. Blobel, Functional processing of fertilin: evidence for a critical role of proteolysis in sperm maturation and activation, Rev. Reprod, vol.5, pp.75-83, 2000.

K. Bobadilla, E. Sada, M. E. Jaime, Y. González, L. Ramachandra et al., Human phagosome processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens is modulated by interferon-? and interleukin-10, Immunology, vol.138, pp.34-46, 2013.

D. Bomgardner, U. Wehrenberg, and G. M. Rune, TGF-beta could be involved in paracrine actions in the epididymis of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), J. Androl, vol.20, pp.375-383, 1999.

M. Bonneville, R. L. O'brien, and W. K. Born, Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.10, pp.467-478, 2010.

A. Britan, V. Maffre, S. Tone, and J. R. Drevet, Quantitative and spatial differences in the expression of tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes in mouse epididymis, Cell Tissue Res, vol.324, pp.301-310, 2006.

K. A. Brogden, Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria?, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.3, pp.238-250, 2005.

J. F. Bromberg, C. M. Horvath, Z. Wen, R. D. Schreiber, and J. E. Darnell, Transcriptionally active Stat1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon alpha and interferon gamma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.93, pp.7673-7678, 1996.

N. Brosh, D. Sternberg, J. Honigwachs-sha'anani, B. C. Lee, Y. Shav-tal et al., The plasmacytoma growth inhibitor restrictin-P is an antagonist of interleukin 6 and interleukin 11. Identification as a stroma-derived activin A, J. Biol. Chem, vol.270, pp.29594-29600, 1995.

C. B. Brown, A. S. Boyer, R. B. Runyan, and J. V. Barnett, Requirement of type III TGF-beta receptor for endocardial cell transformation in the heart, Science, vol.283, pp.2080-2082, 1999.

J. A. Browne, S. Leir, S. E. Eggener, and A. Harris, Region-specific innate antiviral responses of the human epididymis, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.473, pp.72-78, 2018.

G. I. Byrne, L. K. Lehmann, and G. J. Landry, Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma-interferon-mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication in T24 cells, Infect. Immun, vol.53, pp.347-351, 1986.

D. Cao, Y. Li, R. Yang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou et al., , 2010.

, Lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis disrupts epididymal beta-defensin expression and inhibits sperm motility in rats, Biol. Reprod, vol.83, pp.1064-1070

W. Cao, W. Chen, X. Liang, J. Zhou, C. Wei et al., All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates the inflammation by inducing transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 10 in mouse epididymitis, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.71, pp.312-321, 2014.

A. J. Carey, C. K. Tan, and G. C. Ulett, Infection-induced IL-10 and JAK-STAT: A review of the molecular circuitry controlling immune hyperactivity in response to pathogenic microbes, JAKSTAT, vol.1, pp.159-167, 2012.

J. M. Carlin, E. C. Borden, and G. I. Byrne, Interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity inhibits Chlamydia psittaci replication in human macrophages, J. Interferon Res, vol.9, pp.329-337, 1989.

D. W. Carr, M. C. Usselman, and T. S. Acott, Effects of pH, lactate, and viscoelastic drag on sperm motility: a species comparison, Biol. Reprod, vol.33, pp.588-595, 1985.

S. Caspar-bauguil, B. Cousin, A. Galinier, C. Segafredo, M. Nibbelink et al., Adipose tissues as an ancestral immune organ: sitespecific change in obesity, FEBS Lett, vol.579, pp.3487-3492, 2005.

A. Cerwenka and S. L. Swain, TGF-beta1: immunosuppressant and viability factor for T lymphocytes, Microbes Infect, vol.1, pp.1291-1296, 1999.

A. Champroux, J. Torres-carreira, P. Gharagozloo, J. R. Drevet, and A. Kocer, , 2016.

, Mammalian sperm nuclear organization: resiliencies and vulnerabilities, Basic Clin Androl, vol.26, p.17

Y. R. Chan and R. L. Gallo, PR-39, a syndecan-inducing antimicrobial peptide, binds and affects p130(Cas), J. Biol. Chem, vol.273, pp.28978-28985, 1998.

H. Chang, C. W. Brown, and M. M. Matzuk, Genetic analysis of the mammalian transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, Endocr. Rev, vol.23, pp.787-823, 2002.

J. Chang, S. L. Kunkel, C. , and C. , Negative regulation of MyD88-dependent signaling by IL-10 in dendritic cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.106, pp.18327-18332, 2009.

Y. Chen, J. Inobe, R. Marks, P. Gonnella, V. K. Kuchroo et al., Peripheral deletion of antigen-reactive T cells in oral tolerance, Nature, vol.376, pp.177-180, 1995.

Z. Chen, M. J. O'shaughnessy, I. Gramaglia, A. Panoskaltsis-mortari, W. J. Murphy et al., IL-10 and TGF-beta induce alloreactive CD4+CD25-T cells to acquire regulatory cell function, Blood, vol.101, pp.5076-5083, 2003.

L. Cheng, Q. Chen, W. Zhu, H. Wu, Q. Wang et al., Tolllike Receptors 4 and 5 Cooperatively Initiate the Innate Immune Responses to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Mouse Epididymal Epithelial Cells, Biol. Reprod, vol.94, p.58, 2016.

H. Cheroutre and M. M. Husain, CD4 CTL: living up to the challenge, Semin. Immunol, vol.25, pp.273-281, 2013.

O. Chertov, D. F. Michiel, L. Xu, J. M. Wang, K. Tani et al., Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem, vol.271, pp.2935-2940, 1996.

C. Cho, D. O. Bunch, J. E. Faure, E. H. Goulding, E. M. Eddy et al., Fertilization defects in sperm from mice lacking fertilin beta, Science, vol.281, pp.1857-1859, 1998.

Y. Clermont and J. Flannery, Mitotic activity in the epithelium of the epididymis in young and old adult rats, Biol. Reprod, vol.3, pp.283-292, 1970.

J. P. Cohen, A. P. Hoffer, and S. Rosen, Carbonic anhydrase localization in the epidimymis and testis of the rat: histochemical and biochemical analysis, Biol. Reprod, vol.14, pp.339-346, 1976.

A. M. Cole, T. Ganz, A. M. Liese, M. D. Burdick, L. Liu et al., Cutting edge: IFN-inducible ELR-CXC chemokines display defensin-like antimicrobial activity, J. Immunol, vol.167, pp.623-627, 2001.

M. Collin, H. M. Linge, A. Bjartell, A. Giwercman, J. Malm et al., , 2008.

, Constitutive expression of the antibacterial CXC chemokine GCP-2/CXCL6 by epithelial cells of the male reproductive tract, J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.79, pp.37-43

E. Com, F. Bourgeon, B. Evrard, T. Ganz, D. Colleu et al., Expression of antimicrobial defensins in the male reproductive tract of rats, mice, and humans, Biol. Reprod, vol.68, pp.95-104, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02458786

M. Conrad, S. G. Moreno, F. Sinowatz, F. Ursini, S. Kölle et al., The nuclear form of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is a protein thiol peroxidase contributing to sperm chromatin stability, Mol. Cell. Biol, vol.25, pp.7637-7644, 2005.

T. G. Cooper, Interactions between epididymal secretions and spermatozoa, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl, vol.53, pp.119-136, 1998.

T. G. Cooper and C. Yeung, Acquisition of volume regulatory response of sperm upon maturation in the epididymis and the role of the cytoplasmic droplet, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.61, pp.28-38, 2003.

T. G. Cooper, C. Yeung, R. Jones, M. Orgebin-crist, R. et al., Rebuttal of a role for the epididymis in sperm quality control by phagocytosis of defective sperm, J. Cell. Sci, vol.115, pp.5-7, 2002.

G. A. Cornwall and S. R. Hann, Transient appearance of CRES protein during spermatogenesis and caput epididymal sperm maturation, Mol. Reprod. Dev, vol.41, pp.37-46, 1995.

G. A. Cornwall and N. Hsia, Cres (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) gene regulation and function, 2002.

, Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, vol.8, pp.313-318

G. A. Cornwall and N. Hsia, A new subgroup of the family 2 cystatins, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.200, pp.1-8, 2003.

F. Cottrez and H. Groux, Regulation of TGF-beta response during T cell activation is modulated by IL-10, J. Immunol, vol.167, pp.773-778, 2001.

S. E. Crawford, V. Stellmach, J. E. Murphy-ullrich, S. M. Ribeiro, J. Lawler et al., Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-beta1 in vivo, Cell, vol.93, pp.1159-1170, 1998.

R. N. Cunliffe and Y. R. Mahida, Expression and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in the gastrointestinal tract, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.75, pp.49-58, 2004.

G. Curtale, M. Mirolo, T. A. Renzi, M. Rossato, F. Bazzoni et al., Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by IL-10-dependent microRNA-146b, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.110, pp.11499-11504, 2013.

A. Curti, S. Trabanelli, V. Salvestrini, M. Baccarani, and R. M. Lemoli, The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the induction of immune tolerance: focus on hematology, Blood, vol.113, pp.2394-2401, 2009.

D. G. Cyr, B. Robaire, and L. Hermo, Structure and turnover of junctional complexes between principal cells of the rat epididymis, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.30, pp.54-66, 1995.

D. G. Cyr, L. Hermo, N. Egenberger, C. Mertineit, J. M. Trasler et al., Cellular immunolocalization of occludin during embryonic and postnatal development of the mouse testis and epididymis, Endocrinology, vol.140, pp.3815-3825, 1999.

D. G. Cyr, M. Gregory, E. Dubé, J. Dufresne, P. T. Chan et al., Orchestration of occludins, claudins, catenins and cadherins as players involved in maintenance of the blood-epididymal barrier in animals and humans, Asian J. Androl, vol.9, pp.463-475, 2007.

D. Silva, N. Cortez-retamozo, V. Reinecker, H. Wildgruber, M. Hill et al., A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis, Reproduction, vol.141, pp.653-663, 2011.

J. Dacheux and F. Dacheux, New insights into epididymal function in relation to sperm maturation, Reproduction, vol.147, pp.27-42, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01129807

J. Dacheux, J. L. Gatti, and F. Dacheux, Contribution of epididymal secretory proteins for spermatozoa maturation, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.61, pp.7-17, 2003.

J. Dacheux, C. Belleannée, R. Jones, V. Labas, M. Belghazi et al., Mammalian epididymal proteome, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.306, pp.45-50, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00499124

O. D'amours, L. Bordeleau, G. Frenette, P. Blondin, P. Leclerc et al., Binder of sperm 1 and epididymal sperm binding protein 1 are associated with different bull sperm subpopulations, Reproduction, vol.143, pp.759-771, 2012.

W. Däubener, V. Posdziech, U. Hadding, and C. R. Mackenzie, Inducible antiparasitic effector mechanisms in human uroepithelial cells: tryptophan degradation vs. NO production, Med. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.187, pp.143-147, 1999.

D. J. Davidson, A. J. Currie, G. S. Reid, D. M. Bowdish, K. L. Macdonald et al., The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization, J. Immunol, vol.172, pp.1146-1156, 2004.

D. Yang, Q. Chen, A. P. Schmidt, G. M. Anderson, J. M. Wang et al., LL-37, the neutrophil granule-and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.192, pp.1069-1074, 2000.

R. Derynck, R. J. Akhurst, and A. Balmain, TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression, Nat. Genet, vol.29, pp.117-129, 2001.

K. M. Desai, J. C. Gingell, and J. M. Haworth, Localised intratesticular abscess complicating epididymo-orchitis: the use of scrotal ultrasonography in diagnosis and management, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), vol.292, pp.1361-1362, 1986.

K. V. Desai, K. C. Flanders, and P. Kondaiah, Expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in the rat male accessory sex organs and epididymis, Cell Tissue Res, vol.294, pp.271-277, 1998.

B. Deslouches and Y. P. Di, Antimicrobial peptides with selective antitumor mechanisms: prospect for anticancer applications, Oncotarget, vol.8, pp.46635-46651, 2017.

G. Diamond and C. L. Bevins, beta-Defensins: endogenous antibiotics of the innate host defense response, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol, vol.88, pp.221-225, 1998.

H. Diao, H. Yu, F. Sun, Y. Zhang, and N. Tanphaichitr, Rat recombinant ?defensin 22 is a heparin-binding protein with antimicrobial activity, Asian J. Androl, vol.13, pp.305-311, 2011.

M. C. Dickson, J. S. Martin, F. M. Cousins, A. B. Kulkarni, S. Karlsson et al., Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-beta 1 knock out mice, Development, vol.121, pp.1845-1854, 1995.

A. B. Diekman, Glycoconjugates in sperm function and gamete interactions: how much sugar does it take to sweet-talk the egg?, Cell. Mol. Life Sci, vol.60, pp.298-308, 2003.

O. Dietz, The change in the degree of fertility during the course of acute nonspecific epididymitis. (Contribution to the pathogenesis of primary inhibition of spermiogenesis), Arch Klin Exp Dermatol, vol.211, pp.160-166, 1960.

P. Ten-dijke and C. S. Hill, New insights into TGF-beta-Smad signalling, Trends Biochem. Sci, vol.29, pp.265-273, 2004.

L. Ding, P. S. Linsley, L. Y. Huang, R. N. Germain, and E. M. Shevach, IL-10 inhibits macrophage costimulatory activity by selectively inhibiting the up-regulation of B7 expression, J. Immunol, vol.151, pp.1224-1234, 1993.

S. Divanovic, N. M. Sawtell, A. Trompette, J. I. Warning, A. Dias et al., Opposing biological functions of tryptophan catabolizing enzymes during intracellular infection, J. Infect. Dis, vol.205, pp.152-161, 2012.

T. Dohi, C. Ejima, R. Kato, Y. I. Kawamura, R. Kawashima et al., Therapeutic potential of follistatin for colonic inflammation in mice, Gastroenterology, vol.128, pp.411-423, 2005.

G. R. Dohle, G. M. Colpi, T. B. Hargreave, G. K. Papp, A. Jungwirth et al., EAU guidelines on male infertility, Eur. Urol, vol.48, pp.703-711, 2005.

Y. Duan, P. Wang, W. Zheng, Q. Zhang, W. Huang et al., Characterisation of dendritic cell subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, Andrologia, vol.48, pp.431-440, 2016.

E. Dubé, P. T. Chan, L. Hermo, and D. G. Cyr, Gene expression profiling and its relevance to the blood-epididymal barrier in the human epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.76, pp.1034-1044, 2007.

E. Dubé, J. Dufresne, P. T. Chan, L. Hermo, and D. G. Cyr, Assessing the role of claudins in maintaining the integrity of epididymal tight junctions using novel human epididymal cell lines, Biol. Reprod, vol.82, pp.1119-1128, 2010.

J. P. Dufaure, J. J. Lareyre, V. Schwaab, M. G. Mattei, and J. R. Drevet, Structural organization, chromosomal localization, expression and phylogenetic evaluation of mouse glutathione peroxidase encoding genes, C. R. Acad. Sci. III, Sci. Vie, vol.319, pp.559-568, 1996.

J. Dufresne and D. G. Cyr, Activation of an SP binding site is crucial for the expression of claudin 1 in rat epididymal principal cells, Biol. Reprod, vol.76, pp.825-832, 2007.

G. P. Dunn, A. T. Bruce, H. Ikeda, L. J. Old, and R. D. Schreiber, Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape, Nat. Immunol, vol.3, pp.991-998, 2002.

U. H. Dürr, U. S. Sudheendra, and A. Ramamoorthy, LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1758, pp.1408-1425, 2006.

F. Fallarino, U. Grohmann, C. Vacca, R. Bianchi, C. Orabona et al., T cell apoptosis by tryptophan catabolism, Cell Death Differ, vol.9, pp.1069-1077, 2002.

F. Fallarino, U. Grohmann, K. W. Hwang, C. Orabona, C. Vacca et al., Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells, Nat. Immunol, vol.4, pp.1206-1212, 2003.

F. Fallarino, U. Grohmann, S. You, B. C. Mcgrath, D. R. Cavener et al., The combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites down-regulate T cell receptor zeta-chain and induce a regulatory phenotype in naive T cells, J. Immunol, vol.176, pp.6752-6761, 2006.

M. C. Fantini, C. Becker, G. Monteleone, F. Pallone, P. R. Galle et al., Cutting edge: TGF-beta induces a regulatory phenotype in CD4+CD25-T cells through Foxp3 induction and down-regulation of Smad7, J. Immunol, vol.172, pp.5149-5153, 2004.

D. W. Fawcett and R. D. Hollenberg, Changes in the acrosome of the guinea pig spermatozoa during passage through the epididymis, Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat, vol.60, pp.276-292, 1963.

Z. Fei, S. Hu, L. Xiao, J. Zhou, H. Diao et al., mBin1b transgenic mice show enhanced resistance to epididymal infection by bacteria challenge, Genes Immun, vol.13, pp.445-451, 2012.

J. Ferguson and R. J. Scothorne, Extended survival of pancreatic islet allografts in the testis of guinea-pigs, J. Anat, vol.124, pp.1-8, 1977.

M. Fijak, S. Bhushan, and A. Meinhardt, Immunoprivileged sites: the testis, Methods Mol. Biol, vol.677, pp.459-470, 2011.

D. F. Fiorentino, A. Zlotnik, P. Vieira, T. R. Mosmann, M. Howard et al., IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells, J. Immunol, vol.146, pp.3444-3451, 1991.

C. J. Flickinger, L. A. Bush, S. S. Howards, and J. C. Herr, Distribution of leukocytes in the epithelium and interstitium of four regions of the Lewis rat epididymis, Anat. Rec, vol.248, pp.380-390, 1997.

D. K. Fogg, C. Sibon, C. Miled, S. Jung, P. Aucouturier et al., A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells, Science, vol.311, pp.83-87, 2006.

S. Fouchécourt, S. Métayer, A. Locatelli, F. Dacheux, and J. L. Dacheux, Stallion epididymal fluid proteome: qualitative and quantitative characterization; secretion and dynamic changes of major proteins, Biol. Reprod, vol.62, pp.1790-1803, 2000.

F. Francavilla, R. Santucci, A. Barbonetti, and S. Francavilla, Naturally-occurring antisperm antibodies in men: interference with fertility and clinical implications. An update, Front. Biosci, vol.12, pp.2890-2911, 2007.

F. Francavilla and A. Barbonetti, Male Autoimmune Infertility, 2009.

G. Frenette, C. Lessard, and R. Sullivan, Selected proteins of "prostasome-like particles" from epididymal cauda fluid are transferred to epididymal caput spermatozoa in bull, Biol. Reprod, vol.67, pp.308-313, 2002.

I. J. Frew, A. Minola, S. Georgiev, M. Hitz, H. Moch et al., Combined Vhlh and Pten Mutation Causes Genital Tract Cystadenoma and Squamous Metaplasia, Mol Cell Biol, vol.28, pp.4536-4548, 2008.

D. S. Friend and N. B. Gilula, Variations in tight and gap junctions in mammalian tissues, J. Cell Biol, vol.53, pp.758-776, 1972.

G. Frumento, R. Rotondo, M. Tonetti, G. Damonte, U. Benatti et al., , 2002.

, Tryptophan-derived catabolites are responsible for inhibition of T and natural killer cell proliferation induced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, J. Exp. Med, vol.196, pp.459-468

M. Furuse, T. Hirase, M. Itoh, A. Nagafuchi, S. Yonemura et al., Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, J. Cell Biol, vol.123, pp.1777-1788, 1993.

M. Furuse, T. Hirase, M. Itoh, A. Nagafuchi, S. Yonemura et al., Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, J. Cell Biol, vol.123, pp.1777-1788, 1993.

J. P. Ganem, F. M. Jhaveri, and M. C. Marroum, Primary adenocarcinoma of the epididymis: case report and review of the literature, Urology, vol.52, pp.904-908, 1998.

T. Ganz, Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.3, pp.710-720, 2003.

Y. Gao, W. Yang, M. Pan, E. Scully, M. Girardi et al., Gamma delta T cells provide an early source of interferon gamma in tumor immunity, J. Exp. Med, vol.198, pp.433-442, 2003.

J. Gatti, S. Castella, F. Dacheux, H. Ecroyd, S. Métayer et al., Post-testicular sperm environment and fertility, Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82, vol.83, pp.321-339, 2004.

F. Geissmann, P. Revy, A. Regnault, Y. Lepelletier, M. Dy et al., TGF-beta 1 prevents the noncognate maturation of human dendritic Langerhans cells, J. Immunol, vol.162, pp.4567-4575, 1999.

F. Geissmann, M. G. Manz, S. Jung, M. H. Sieweke, M. Merad et al., Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, Science, vol.327, pp.656-661, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00502972

L. Genestier, S. Kasibhatla, T. Brunner, and D. R. Green, Transforming growth factor beta1 inhibits Fas ligand expression and subsequent activation-induced cell death in T cells via downregulation of c-Myc, J. Exp. Med, vol.189, pp.231-239, 1999.

E. Gilbert, A. Morel, M. Tulliez, R. Maunoury, F. Terzi et al., , 1997.

, In vivo effects of activated H-ras oncogene expressed in the liver and in urogenital tissues, Int. J. Cancer, vol.73, pp.749-756

C. B. Gilks, P. E. Reid, P. B. Clement, and D. A. Owen, Histochemical changes in cervical mucus-secreting epithelium during the normal menstrual cycle, Fertil. Steril, vol.51, pp.286-291, 1989.

F. Ginhoux, J. , and S. , Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.14, pp.392-404, 2014.

E. Gomez-perdiguero, K. Klapproth, C. Schulz, K. Busch, E. Azzoni et al., Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, Nature, vol.518, pp.547-551, 2015.

L. Gorelik and R. A. Flavell, Transforming growth factor-beta in T-cell biology, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.2, pp.46-53, 2002.

L. Gorelik, P. E. Fields, and R. A. Flavell, Cutting edge: TGF-beta inhibits Th type 2 development through inhibition of GATA-3 expression, J. Immunol, vol.165, pp.4773-4777, 2000.

L. Gorelik, S. Constant, and R. A. Flavell, Mechanism of transforming growth factor beta-induced inhibition of T helper type 1 differentiation, J. Exp. Med, vol.195, pp.1499-1505, 2002.

J. D. Gorham, M. L. Güler, D. Fenoglio, U. Gubler, and K. M. Murphy, Low dose TGF-beta attenuates IL-12 responsiveness in murine Th cells, J. Immunol, vol.161, pp.1664-1670, 1998.

R. Govinden and K. D. Bhoola, Genealogy, expression, and cellular function of transforming growth factor-beta, Pharmacol. Ther, vol.98, pp.257-265, 2003.

M. Gregory and D. G. Cyr, Identification of multiple claudins in the rat epididymis, Mol. Reprod. Dev, vol.73, pp.580-588, 2006.

A. D. Griesemer, E. C. Sorenson, and M. A. Hardy, The role of the thymus in tolerance, Transplantation, vol.90, pp.465-474, 2010.

U. Grohmann, F. Fallarino, and P. Puccetti, Tolerance, DCs and tryptophan: much ado about IDO, Trends Immunol, vol.24, pp.242-248, 2003.

H. Groux, M. Bigler, J. E. De-vries, and M. G. Roncarolo, Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic state in human CD4+ T cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.184, pp.19-29, 1996.

H. Groux, A. O'garra, M. Bigler, M. Rouleau, S. Antonenko et al., A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis, Nature, vol.389, pp.737-742, 1997.

H. Groux, M. Bigler, J. E. De-vries, and M. G. Roncarolo, Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of IL-10 on human CD8+ T cells, J. Immunol, vol.160, pp.3188-3193, 1998.

X. Guan, T. Inai, and Y. Shibata, Segment-specific expression of tight junction proteins, claudin-2 and -10, in the rat epididymal epithelium, Arch. Histol. Cytol, vol.68, pp.213-225, 2005.

M. Guilliams, F. Ginhoux, C. Jakubzick, S. H. Naik, N. Onai et al., Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.14, pp.571-578, 2014.

R. Guiton, J. Henry-berger, and J. R. Drevet, The immunobiology of the mammalian epididymis: the black box is now open! Basic Clin Androl 23, vol.8, 2013.

C. T. Guy, R. D. Cardiff, and W. J. Muller, Activated neu induces rapid tumor progression, J. Biol. Chem, vol.271, pp.7673-7678, 1996.

J. C. Hall, J. Hadley, and T. Doman, Correlation between changes in rat sperm membrane lipids, protein, and the membrane physical state during epididymal maturation, J. Androl, vol.12, pp.76-87, 1991.

K. G. Hamil, P. Sivashanmugam, R. T. Richardson, G. Grossman, S. M. Ruben et al., HE2beta and HE2gamma, new members of an epididymis-specific family of androgen-regulated proteins in the human, Endocrinology, vol.141, pp.1245-1253, 2000.

R. E. Hancock, Cationic peptides: effectors in innate immunity and novel antimicrobials, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.1, pp.156-164, 2001.

R. E. Hancock and D. S. Chapple, Peptide antibiotics, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, vol.43, pp.1317-1323, 1999.

R. E. Hancock and A. Rozek, Role of membranes in the activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides, FEMS Microbiol. Lett, vol.206, pp.143-149, 2002.

J. Hao, S. Dong, S. Xia, W. He, H. Jia et al., Regulatory role of V?1 ?? T cells in tumor immunity through IL-4 production, J. Immunol, vol.187, pp.4979-4986, 2011.

J. L. Harden and N. K. Egilmez, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and dendritic cell tolerogenicity, Immunol. Invest, vol.41, pp.738-764, 2012.

F. Harris, S. R. Dennison, and D. A. Phoenix, Anionic antimicrobial peptides from eukaryotic organisms, Curr. Protein Pept. Sci, vol.10, pp.585-606, 2009.

J. R. Head, W. B. Neaves, and R. E. Billingham, Immune privilege in the testis. I. Basic parameters of allograft survival, Transplantation, vol.36, pp.423-431, 1983.

V. L. Heath, E. E. Murphy, C. Crain, M. G. Tomlinson, and A. Garra, TGF-beta1 down-regulates Th2 development and results in decreased IL-4-induced STAT6 activation and GATA-3 expression, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.30, pp.2639-2649, 2000.

M. P. Hedger, Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis, J. Androl, vol.32, pp.625-640, 2011.

M. P. Hedger, C. , and L. , Isolation of rat blood lymphocytes using a two-step Percoll density gradient. Effect of activin (erythroid differentiation factor) on peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, J. Immunol. Methods, vol.163, pp.133-136, 1993.

M. P. Hedger, A. E. Drummond, D. M. Robertson, G. P. Risbridger, and D. M. De-kretser, Inhibin and activin regulate [3H]thymidine uptake by rat thymocytes and 3T3 cells in vitro, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.61, pp.133-138, 1989.

M. P. Hedger, W. R. Winnall, D. J. Phillips, and D. M. De-kretser, The regulation and functions of activin and follistatin in inflammation and immunity, Vitam. Horm, vol.85, pp.255-297, 2011.

F. M. Helmerhorst, M. J. Finken, and J. J. Erwich, Antisperm antibodies: detection assays for antisperm antibodies: what do they test?, Hum. Reprod, vol.14, pp.1669-1671, 1999.

L. Hermo, J. Dworkin, and R. Oko, Role of epithelial clear cells of the rat epididymis in the disposal of the contents of cytoplasmic droplets detached from spermatozoa, Am. J. Anat, vol.183, pp.107-124, 1988.

L. Hermo, R. Oko, and C. R. Morales, Secretion and endocytosis in the male reproductive tract: a role in sperm maturation, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.154, pp.106-189, 1994.

L. Hermo and B. Robaire, In the epididymis:from molecules to clinical practice, pp.81-102, 2002.

L. Hermo, D. L. Chong, P. Moffatt, W. S. Sly, A. Waheed et al., Regionand cell-specific differences in the distribution of carbonic anhydrases II, III, XII, and XIV in the adult rat epididymis, J. Histochem. Cytochem, vol.53, pp.699-713, 2005.

J. Hettinger, D. M. Richards, J. Hansson, M. M. Barra, A. Joschko et al., Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor, Nat. Immunol, vol.14, pp.821-830, 2013.

P. S. Hiemstra, R. J. Maassen, J. Stolk, R. Heinzel-wieland, G. J. Steffens et al., Antibacterial activity of antileukoprotease, Infect. Immun, vol.64, pp.4520-4524, 1996.

E. E. Hillhouse and S. Lesage, A comprehensive review of the phenotype and function of antigen-specific immunoregulatory double negative T cells, J. Autoimmun, vol.40, pp.58-65, 2013.

B. T. Hinton and H. Hernandez, Selective luminal absorption of L-carnitine from the proximal regions of the rat epididymis. Possible relationships to development of sperm motility, J. Androl, vol.6, pp.300-305, 1985.

B. T. Hinton and M. A. Palladino, Epididymal epithelium: its contribution to the formation of a luminal fluid microenvironment, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.30, pp.67-81, 1995.

A. P. Hoffer and B. T. Hinton, Morphological evidence for a blood-epididymis barrier and the effects of gossypol on its integrity, Biol. Reprod, vol.30, pp.991-1004, 1984.

P. Hooper, E. Smythe, R. C. Richards, C. V. Howard, R. V. Lynch et al., Total number of immunocompetent cells in the normal rat epididymis and after vasectomy, J. Reprod. Fertil, vol.104, pp.193-198, 1995.

D. M. Hoover, K. R. Rajashankar, R. Blumenthal, A. Puri, J. J. Oppenheim et al., The structure of human beta-defensin-2 shows evidence of higher order oligomerization, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, pp.32911-32918, 2000.

S. Huber, F. R. Stahl, J. Schrader, S. Lüth, K. Presser et al., Activin a promotes the TGF-beta-induced conversion of CD4+CD25-T cells into Foxp3+ induced regulatory T cells, J. Immunol, vol.182, pp.4633-4640, 2009.

M. Huse, T. W. Muir, L. Xu, Y. G. Chen, J. Kuriyan et al., The TGF beta receptor activation process: an inhibitor-to substrate-binding switch, Mol. Cell, vol.8, pp.671-682, 2001.

N. M. Ibrahim, D. N. Foster, and B. G. Crabo, Localization of clusterin on freezepreserved bull spermatozoa before and after glass wool-sephadex filtration, J. Androl, vol.22, pp.891-902, 2001.

M. Ichinose and M. Sawada, Enhancement of phagocytosis by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, Peptides, vol.17, pp.1405-1414, 1996.

J. Ikenouchi, M. Furuse, K. Furuse, H. Sasaki, S. Tsukita et al., Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells, J. Cell Biol, vol.171, pp.939-945, 2005.

J. Jameson and W. L. Havran, Skin gammadelta T-cell functions in homeostasis and wound healing, Immunol. Rev, vol.215, pp.114-122, 2007.

C. A. Janeway, Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 54 Pt, vol.1, pp.1-13, 1989.

C. Jantos, W. Baumgärtner, B. Durchfeld, and H. G. Schiefer, Experimental epididymitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis in rats, Infect. Immun, vol.60, pp.2324-2328, 1992.

H. Jenssen and R. E. Hancock, Antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, Biochimie, vol.91, pp.19-29, 2009.

H. Jenssen, P. Hamill, and R. E. Hancock, Peptide antimicrobial agents, Clin. Microbiol. Rev, vol.19, pp.491-511, 2006.

C. Jhappan, D. Gallahan, C. Stahle, E. Chu, G. H. Smith et al., Expression of an activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands, Genes Dev, vol.6, pp.345-355, 1992.

T. Jinquan, S. Quan, H. H. Jacobi, H. O. Madsen, C. Glue et al., CXC chemokine receptor 4 expression and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-induced chemotaxis in CD4+ T lymphocytes are regulated by interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, Immunology, vol.99, pp.402-410, 2000.

A. L. Johnson and S. S. Howards, Intratubular hydrostatic pressure in testis and epididymis before and after vasectomy, Am. J. Physiol, vol.228, pp.556-564, 1975.

D. S. Johnston, S. A. Jelinsky, H. J. Bang, P. Dicandeloro, E. Wilson et al., The mouse epididymal transcriptome: transcriptional profiling of segmental gene expression in the epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.73, pp.404-413, 2005.

P. Jollès, J. , and J. , What's new in lysozyme research? Always a model system, today as yesterday, Mol. Cell. Biochem, vol.63, pp.165-189, 1984.

M. A. Jones, R. H. Young, and R. E. Scully, Adenocarcinoma of the epididymis: a report of four cases and review of the literature, Am. J. Surg. Pathol, vol.21, pp.1474-1480, 1997.

A. Jrad-lamine, J. Henry-berger, P. Gourbeyre, C. Damon-soubeyrand, A. Lenoir et al., Deficient tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway reveals that the epididymis is in a unique tolerogenic state, J. Biol. Chem, vol.286, pp.8030-8042, 2011.

A. Jrad-lamine, J. Henry-berger, C. Damon-soubeyrand, F. Saez, A. Kocer et al., Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (ido1) is involved in the control of mouse caput epididymis immune environment, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.66494, 2013.

V. Kaartinen, J. W. Voncken, C. Shuler, D. Warburton, D. Bu et al., Abnormal lung development and cleft palate in mice lacking TGF-beta 3 indicates defects of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, Nat. Genet, vol.11, pp.415-421, 1995.

T. Kambayashi and T. M. Laufer, Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigenpresenting cells: can anything replace a dendritic cell?, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.14, pp.719-730, 2014.

M. H. Kaplan, M. M. Hufford, and M. R. Olson, The development and in vivo function of T helper 9 cells, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.15, pp.295-307, 2015.

C. Karagiannidis, G. Hense, C. Martin, M. Epstein, B. Rückert et al., Activin A is an acute allergenresponsive cytokine and provides a link to TGF-beta-mediated airway remodeling in asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.117, pp.111-118, 2006.

H. Kato, S. Sato, M. Yoneyama, M. Yamamoto, S. Uematsu et al., Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response, Immunity, vol.23, pp.19-28, 2005.

I. Kaver, H. Matzkin, and Z. F. Braf, Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients, J Fam Pract, vol.30, pp.548-552, 1990.

P. Kavsak, R. K. Rasmussen, C. G. Causing, S. Bonni, H. Zhu et al., Smad7 binds to Smurf2 to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the TGF beta receptor for degradation, Mol. Cell, vol.6, pp.1365-1375, 2000.

T. Kawai, A. , and S. , Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity, Immunity, vol.34, pp.637-650, 2011.

M. Kaya, M. E. Boleken, F. Zeyrek, I. Ozardali, T. Kanmaz et al., , 2006.

, Oxidative and antioxidative status in the testes of rats with acute epididymitis, Urol. Int, vol.76, pp.353-358

A. A. Kazeem, A critical consideration of the rat epididymis as an immunologically privileged site, Scand. J. Immunol, vol.27, pp.149-156, 1988.

B. Kim and S. Breton, The MAPK/ERK-Signaling Pathway Regulates the Expression and Distribution of Tight Junction Proteins in the Mouse Proximal Epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.94, p.22, 2016.

B. Kim, J. Roy, W. W. Shum, N. Da-silva, and S. Breton, Role of testicular luminal factors on Basal cell elongation and proliferation in the mouse epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.92, p.9, 2015.

C. Kirchhoff, Gene expression in the epididymis, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.188, pp.133-202, 1999.

C. Kirchhoff, H. , and G. , Cell-to-cell transfer of glycosylphosphatidylinositolanchored membrane proteins during sperm maturation, Mol. Hum. Reprod, vol.2, pp.177-184, 1996.

R. Koczulla, G. Von-degenfeld, C. Kupatt, F. Krötz, S. Zahler et al., An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18, J. Clin. Invest, vol.111, pp.1665-1672, 2003.

C. M. Koebel, W. Vermi, J. B. Swann, N. Zerafa, S. J. Rodig et al., Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state, Nature, vol.450, pp.903-907, 2007.

T. Kondo, Y. Toyoshima, Y. Ishii, and S. Kyuwa, Natural killer T cells in adipose tissue are activated in lean mice, Exp. Anim, vol.62, pp.319-328, 2013.

E. I. Korpelainen, M. J. Karkkainen, A. Tenhunen, M. Lakso, H. Rauvala et al., Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF, J. Cell Biol, vol.143, pp.1705-1712, 1998.

W. K. Krause, Sperm Functions Influenced by Immune Reactions, 2009.

M. Kujala, S. Hihnala, J. Tienari, K. Kaunisto, J. Hästbacka et al., Expression of ion transport-associated proteins in human efferent and epididymal ducts, Reproduction, vol.133, pp.775-784, 2007.

A. B. Kulkarni, C. G. Huh, D. Becker, A. Geiser, M. Lyght et al., Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.90, pp.770-774, 1993.

A. Kumar, M. Commane, T. W. Flickinger, C. M. Horvath, and G. R. Stark, Defective TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in STAT1-null cells due to low constitutive levels of caspases, Science, vol.278, pp.1630-1632, 1997.

F. B. Kuzan, D. L. Patton, S. M. Allen, and C. C. Kuo, A proposed mouse model for acute epididymitis provoked by genital serovar E, Chlamydia trachomatis, Biol. Reprod, vol.40, pp.165-172, 1989.

L. Perle, K. M. Blomme, E. A. Sagartz, J. E. Capen, and C. C. , Epididymal cribriform hyperplasia with nuclear atypia in p53 homozygous knockout mice on a mixed 129/Sv-FVB/N background, Comp. Med, vol.52, pp.568-571, 2002.

T. Lang, M. Dechant, V. Sanchez, J. Wistuba, M. Boiani et al., Structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa is compromised as a consequence of acute uropathogenic E. coli-associated epididymitis, Biol. Reprod, vol.89, p.59, 2013.

L. Gros, G. Ben-sasson, S. Z. Conrad, D. H. Clark-lewis, I. Finkelman et al., IL-3 promotes production of IL-4 by splenic non-B, non-T cells in response to Fc receptor cross-linkage, J. Immunol, vol.145, pp.2500-2506, 1990.

J. Lee, M. D. Minden, W. C. Chen, E. Streck, B. Chen et al., Allogeneic Human Double Negative T Cells as a Novel Immunotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Underlying Mechanisms, Clin. Cancer Res, vol.24, pp.370-382, 2018.

D. Legrand, A. Pierce, E. Elass, M. Carpentier, C. Mariller et al., Lactoferrin structure and functions, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, vol.606, pp.163-194, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00642033

R. M. Leonhardt, S. Lee, P. B. Kavathas, and P. Cresswell, Severe Tryptophan Starvation Blocks Onset of Conventional Persistence and Reduces Reactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis, Infect Immun, vol.75, pp.5105-5117, 2007.

S. Leung, X. Liu, L. Fang, X. Chen, T. Guo et al., The cytokine milieu in the interplay of pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease, Cell. Mol. Immunol, vol.7, pp.182-189, 2010.

S. Levy, R. , and B. , Segment-specific changes with age in the expression of junctional proteins and the permeability of the blood-epididymis barrier in rats, Biol. Reprod, vol.60, pp.1392-1401, 1999.

H. Li and B. Shi, Tolerogenic dendritic cells and their applications in transplantation, Cell. Mol. Immunol, vol.12, pp.24-30, 2015.

M. O. Li, Y. Y. Wan, S. Sanjabi, A. L. Robertson, and R. A. Flavell, Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.24, pp.99-146, 2006.

P. Li, H. C. Chan, B. He, S. C. So, Y. W. Chung et al., An antimicrobial peptide gene found in the male reproductive system of rats, Science, vol.291, pp.1783-1785, 2001.

M. Liao, P. S. Ruddock, A. S. Rizvi, S. H. Hall, F. S. French et al., Cationic peptide of the male reproductive tract, HE2alpha, displays antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, J. Antimicrob. Chemother, vol.56, pp.957-961, 2005.

R. L. Lindquist, G. Shakhar, D. Dudziak, H. Wardemann, T. Eisenreich et al., Visualizing dendritic cell networks in vivo, Nat. Immunol, vol.5, pp.1243-1250, 2004.

H. M. Linge, M. Collin, P. Nordenfelt, M. Mörgelin, M. Malmsten et al., The human CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2)/CXCL6 possesses membrane-disrupting properties and is antibacterial, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, vol.52, pp.2599-2607, 2008.

F. Liu, C. Pouponnot, and J. Massagué, Dual role of the Smad4/DPC4 tumor suppressor in TGFbeta-inducible transcriptional complexes, Genes Dev, vol.11, pp.3157-3167, 1997.

F. López-casillas, J. L. Wrana, and J. Massagué, Betaglycan presents ligand to the TGF beta signaling receptor, Cell, vol.73, pp.1435-1444, 1993.

L. Lorenzo, R. Rogel, J. V. Sanchez-gonzalez, J. Perez-ardavin, E. Moreno et al., Evaluation of Adult Acute Scrotum in the Emergency Room: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, Management, and Costs, Urology, vol.94, pp.36-41, 2016.

G. Ludwig and J. Haselberger, , 1977.

, Fortschr. Med, vol.95, pp.397-399

M. Ludwig, S. Johannes, M. Bergmann, K. Failing, H. G. Schiefer et al., , 2002.

, Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rats: a model to assess the outcome of antibiotic treatment, BJU Int, vol.90, pp.933-938

A. D. Luster and J. V. Ravetch, Biochemical characterization of a gamma interferoninducible cytokine (IP-10), J. Exp. Med, vol.166, pp.1084-1097, 1987.

J. Malm, O. Sørensen, T. Persson, M. Frohm-nilsson, B. Johansson et al., The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP-18) is expressed in the epithelium of human epididymis, is present in seminal plasma at high concentrations, and is attached to spermatozoa, Infect. Immun, vol.68, pp.4297-4302, 2000.

M. Mandon and D. G. Cyr, Tricellulin and its role in the epididymal epithelium of the rat, Biol. Reprod, vol.92, p.66, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01352193

M. Mandon, L. Hermo, and D. G. Cyr, Isolated Rat Epididymal Basal Cells Share Common Properties with Adult Stem Cells, Biol. Reprod, vol.93, p.115, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01351460

F. Martínez-garcía, J. Regadera, P. Cobo, J. Palacios, R. Paniagua et al., The apical mitochondria-rich cells of the mammalian epididymis, Andrologia, vol.27, pp.195-206, 1995.

J. Massagué, TGF-beta signal transduction, Annu. Rev. Biochem, vol.67, pp.753-791, 1998.

K. Matter and M. S. Balda, Signalling to and from tight junctions, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.4, pp.225-236, 2003.

E. Mazzini, L. Massimiliano, G. Penna, and M. Rescigno, , 2014.

J. R. Mcdole, L. W. Wheeler, K. G. Mcdonald, B. Wang, V. Konjufca et al., Goblet cells deliver luminal antigen to CD103+ dendritic cells in the small intestine, Nature, vol.483, pp.345-349, 2012.

R. Medzhitov, Approaching the asymptote: 20 years later, Immunity, vol.30, pp.766-775, 2009.

A. Meinhardt and M. P. Hedger, Immunological, paracrine and endocrine aspects of testicular immune privilege, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.335, pp.60-68, 2011.

M. L. Meistrich, T. H. Hughes, and W. R. Bruce, Alteration of epididymal sperm transport and maturation in mice by oestrogen and testosterone, Nature, vol.258, pp.145-147, 1975.

R. Metz, J. B. Duhadaway, U. Kamasani, L. Laury-kleintop, A. J. Muller et al., Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan, Cancer Res, vol.67, pp.7082-7087, 2007.

V. Michel, A. Pilatz, M. P. Hedger, and A. Meinhardt, Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences, Asian J. Androl, vol.17, pp.756-763, 2015.

V. Michel, Y. Duan, E. Stoschek, S. Bhushan, R. Middendorff et al., Uropathogenic Escherichia coli causes fibrotic remodelling of the epididymis, J. Pathol, vol.240, pp.15-24, 2016.

P. Mital, B. T. Hinton, and J. M. Dufour, The blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers are more than just their tight junctions, Biol. Reprod, vol.84, pp.851-858, 2011.

S. K. Mittal and P. A. Roche, Suppression of antigen presentation by IL-10, Curr. Opin. Immunol, vol.34, pp.22-27, 2015.

H. Mittrücker, A. Visekruna, and M. Huber, Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of CD8 + T cells, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.), vol.62, pp.449-458, 2014.

C. A. Moore, B. L. Lockett, K. W. Lennox, J. W. Mcaminch, J. C. Wurster et al., Prednisone in the treatment of acute epididymitis: a cooperative study, J. Urol, vol.106, pp.578-580, 1971.

K. W. Moore, R. De-waal-malefyt, R. L. Coffman, and A. Garra, Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.19, pp.683-765, 2001.

Y. Mu, S. K. Gudey, and M. Landström, Non-Smad signaling pathways, Cell Tissue Res, vol.347, pp.11-20, 2012.

D. L. Mueller, Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance, Nat. Immunol, vol.11, pp.21-27, 2010.

M. Mühlbauer, A. W. Cheely, S. Yenugu, J. , and C. , Regulation and functional impact of lipopolysaccharide induced Nod2 gene expression in the murine epididymal epithelial cell line PC1, Immunology, vol.124, pp.256-264, 2008.

J. S. Munger, J. G. Harpel, P. E. Gleizes, R. Mazzieri, I. Nunes et al., Latent transforming growth factor-beta: structural features and mechanisms of activation, Kidney Int, vol.51, pp.1376-1382, 1997.

J. S. Munger, X. Huang, H. Kawakatsu, M. J. Griffiths, S. L. Dalton et al., The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, Cell, vol.96, pp.319-328, 1999.

D. H. Munn, M. Zhou, J. T. Attwood, I. Bondarev, S. J. Conway et al., Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism, Science, vol.281, pp.1191-1193, 1998.

D. H. Munn, E. Shafizadeh, J. T. Attwood, I. Bondarev, A. Pashine et al., Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism, J. Exp. Med, vol.189, pp.1363-1372, 1999.

D. H. Munn, M. D. Sharma, B. Baban, H. P. Harding, Y. Zhang et al.,

, GCN2 Kinase in T Cells Mediates Proliferative Arrest and Anergy Induction in Response to Indoleamine, vol.2, pp.633-642

A. Murashima, S. Miyagawa, Y. Ogino, H. Nishida-fukuda, K. Araki et al., Essential Roles of Androgen Signaling in Wolffian Duct Stabilization and Epididymal Cell Differentiation, Endocrinology, vol.152, pp.1640-1651, 2011.

P. J. Murray, J. E. Allen, S. K. Biswas, E. A. Fisher, D. W. Gilroy et al., Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines, Immunity, vol.41, pp.14-20, 2014.

S. K. Nagdas, V. P. Winfrey, and G. E. Olson, Identification of a hamster epididymal region-specific secretory glycoprotein that binds nonviable spermatozoa, Biol. Reprod, vol.63, pp.1428-1436, 2000.

S. H. Naik, P. Sathe, H. Park, D. Metcalf, A. I. Proietto et al., Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.1217-1226, 2007.

A. Nakao, M. Afrakhte, A. Morén, T. Nakayama, J. L. Christian et al., Identification of Smad7, a TGFbetainducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling, Nature, vol.389, pp.631-635, 1997.

D. Nashan, U. Malorny, C. Sorg, T. Cooper, and E. Nieschlag, Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis, Int. J. Androl, vol.12, pp.85-94, 1989.

D. Nashan, C. Jantos, D. Ahlers, M. Bergmann, H. G. Schiefer et al., Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis following infection with Escherichia coli, Int. J. Androl, vol.16, pp.47-52, 1993.

B. H. Nelson, T. P. Martyak, L. J. Thompson, J. J. Moon, W. et al., Uncoupling of promitogenic and antiapoptotic functions of IL-2 by Smad-dependent TGF-beta signaling, J. Immunol, vol.170, pp.5563-5570, 2003.

A. Nicholson, G. Rait, T. Murray-thomas, G. Hughes, C. H. Mercer et al., Management of epididymo-orchitis in primary care: results from a large UK primary care database, Br J Gen Pract, vol.60, pp.407-422, 2010.

T. Nishihara, N. Okahashi, and N. Ueda, Activin A induces apoptotic cell death, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.197, pp.985-991, 1993.

F. Niyonsaba, A. Someya, M. Hirata, H. Ogawa, and I. Nagaoka, Evaluation of the effects of peptide antibiotics human beta-defensins-1/-2 and LL-37 on histamine release and prostaglandin D(2) production from mast cells, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.31, pp.1066-1075, 2001.

N. Noben-trauth, J. Hu-li, and W. E. Paul, Conventional, naive CD4+ T cells provide an initial source of IL-4 during Th2 differentiation, J. Immunol, vol.165, pp.3620-3625, 2000.

A. Noblanc, A. Kocer, E. Chabory, P. Vernet, F. Saez et al., Glutathione peroxidases at work on epididymal spermatozoa: an example of the dual effect of reactive oxygen species on mammalian male fertilizing ability, J. Androl, vol.32, pp.641-650, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02084936

A. Noblanc, A. Kocer, and J. R. Drevet, , 2012.

, Med Sci (Paris), vol.28, pp.519-525

H. Nomiyama, N. Osada, Y. , and O. , The evolution of mammalian chemokine genes, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, vol.21, pp.253-262, 2010.

I. Nunes, R. L. Shapiro, and D. B. Rifkin, Characterization of latent TGF-beta activation by murine peritoneal macrophages, J. Immunol, vol.155, pp.1450-1459, 1995.

K. Obojes, O. Andres, K. S. Kim, W. Däubener, and J. Schneider-schaulies, , 2005.

, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mediates cell type-specific anti-measles virus activity of gamma interferon, J. Virol, vol.79, pp.7768-7776

M. K. O'bryan, B. F. Murphy, D. Y. Liu, G. N. Clarke, and H. W. Baker, The use of anticlusterin monoclonal antibodies for the combined assessment of human sperm morphology and acrosome integrity, Hum. Reprod, vol.9, pp.1490-1496, 1994.

M. K. O'bryan, B. F. Murphy, D. Y. Liu, G. N. Clarke, and H. W. Baker, The use of anticlusterin monoclonal antibodies for the combined assessment of human sperm morphology and acrosome integrity, Hum. Reprod, vol.9, pp.1490-1496, 1994.

C. Oderup, L. Cederbom, A. Makowska, C. M. Cilio, and F. Ivars, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4-dependent down-modulation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells in CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression, Immunology, vol.118, pp.240-249, 2006.

Y. S. Oh, E. J. Na, and M. C. Gye, Effects of bilateral vasectomy on the interleukin 1 system in mouse epididymis, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.76, pp.235-242, 2016.

K. Ohlsson, A. Bjartell, and H. Lilja, Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor in the male genital tract: PSA-induced proteolytic processing in human semen and tissue localization, J. Androl, vol.16, pp.64-74, 1995.

N. Ohno and D. C. Morrison, Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme. Binding of lipopolysaccharide to lysozyme and inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic activity, J. Biol. Chem, vol.264, pp.4434-4441, 1989.

G. E. Olson and B. T. Hinton, Regional differences in luminal fluid polypeptides of the rat testis and epididymis revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, J. Androl, vol.6, pp.20-34, 1985.

G. E. Olson, V. P. Winfrey, and S. K. Nagdas, Structural modification of the hamster sperm acrosome during posttesticular development in the epididymis, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.61, pp.46-55, 2003.

N. Onai, A. Obata-onai, M. A. Schmid, T. Ohteki, D. Jarrossay et al., Identification of clonogenic common Flt3+M-CSFR+ plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell progenitors in mouse bone marrow, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.1207-1216, 2007.

M. C. Orgebin-crist, Sperm maturation in rabbit epididymis, Nature, vol.216, pp.816-818, 1967.

D. N. Osegbe, Testicular function after unilateral bacterial epididymo-orchitis, Eur. Urol, vol.19, pp.204-208, 1991.

C. Osterhoff, C. Kirchhoff, N. Krull, and R. Ivell, Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human sperm antigen (HE2) specifically expressed in the proximal epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.50, pp.516-525, 1994.

A. Ouvrier, R. Cadet, P. Vernet, B. Laillet, J. Chardigny et al., LXR and ABCA1 control cholesterol homeostasis in the proximal mouse epididymis in a cell-specific manner, J. Lipid Res, vol.50, pp.1766-1775, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02092280

A. Ouvrier, G. Alves, C. Damon-soubeyrand, G. Marceau, R. Cadet et al., Dietary cholesterol-induced posttesticular infertility, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

M. A. Palladino, T. A. Johnson, R. Gupta, J. L. Chapman, and P. Ojha, Members of the Toll-like receptor family of innate immunity pattern-recognition receptors are abundant in the male rat reproductive tract, Biol. Reprod, vol.76, pp.958-964, 2007.

M. A. Palladino, M. A. Savarese, J. L. Chapman, M. Dughi, and D. Plaska, , 2008.

, Localization of Toll-like receptors on epididymal epithelial cells and spermatozoa, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.60, pp.541-555

S. R. Paludan and A. G. Bowie, Immune sensing of DNA, Immunity, vol.38, pp.870-880, 2013.

I. J. Pandya and J. Cohen, The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix to spermatozoa, Fertil. Steril, vol.43, pp.417-421, 1985.

L. G. Pantoja, R. D. Miller, J. A. Ramirez, R. E. Molestina, and J. T. Summersgill, Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae replication in human aortic smooth muscle cells by gamma interferon-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity, Infect. Immun, vol.68, pp.6478-6481, 2000.

D. M. Pardoll, Spinning molecular immunology into successful immunotherapy, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.2, pp.227-238, 2002.

S. Patella, D. J. Phillips, J. Tchongue, D. M. De-kretser, and W. Sievert, Follistatin attenuates early liver fibrosis: effects on hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatocyte apoptosis, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, vol.290, pp.137-144, 2006.

A. A. Patil, Y. Cai, Y. Sang, F. Blecha, and G. Zhang, Cross-species analysis of the mammalian beta-defensin gene family: presence of syntenic gene clusters and preferential expression in the male reproductive tract, Physiol. Genomics, vol.23, pp.5-17, 2005.

C. A. Pearl and J. F. Roser, Expression of lactoferrin in the boar epididymis: effects of reduced estrogen, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol, vol.34, pp.153-159, 2008.

C. A. Pearl and J. F. Roser, Lactoferrin expression and secretion in the stallion epididymis, Reprod Biol, vol.14, pp.148-154, 2014.

A. Pellegrini, U. Thomas, P. Wild, E. Schraner, and R. Fellenberg, Effect of lysozyme or modified lysozyme fragments on DNA and RNA synthesis and membrane permeability of Escherichia coli, Microbiol. Res, vol.155, pp.69-77, 2000.

R. M. Pelletier, Cyclic modulation of Sertoli cell junctional complexes in a seasonal breeder: the mink (Mustela vison), Am. J. Anat, vol.183, pp.68-102, 1988.

R. Pérez-clavier, R. G. Harrison, and E. W. Macmillian, The pattern of the lymphatic drainage of the rat epididymis, J. Anat, vol.134, pp.667-675, 1982.

E. R. Pfefferkorn, Interferon gamma blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.81, pp.908-912, 1984.

F. Pierucci-alves, M. T. Midura-kiela, S. D. Fleming, B. D. Schultz, and P. R. Kiela, Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Dendritic Cells Is Required for Immunotolerance to Sperm in the Epididymis, Front Immunol, vol.9, p.1882, 2018.

C. Pietrement, G. Sun-wada, N. D. Silva, M. Mckee, V. Marshansky et al., Distinct expression patterns of different subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase in the rat epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.74, pp.185-194, 2006.

A. Pilatz, F. Wagenlehner, T. Bschleipfer, H. Schuppe, T. Diemer et al., Acute epididymitis in ultrasound: results of a prospective study with baseline and follow-up investigations in 134 patients, Eur J Radiol, vol.82, pp.762-768, 2013.

A. Pilatz, H. Hossain, R. Kaiser, A. Mankertz, C. G. Schüttler et al., Acute epididymitis revisited: impact of molecular diagnostics on etiology and contemporary guideline recommendations, Eur. Urol, vol.68, pp.428-435, 2015.

G. Proetzel, S. A. Pawlowski, M. V. Wiles, M. Yin, G. P. Boivin et al., Transforming growth factor-beta 3 is required for secondary palate fusion, Nat. Genet, vol.11, pp.409-414, 1995.

B. Pulendran, A. , and R. , Translating innate immunity into immunological memory: implications for vaccine development, Cell, vol.124, pp.849-863, 2006.

S. R. Quinn, N. E. Mangan, B. E. Caffrey, M. P. Gantier, B. R. Williams et al., The role of Ets2 transcription factor in the induction of microRNA-155 (miR-155) by lipopolysaccharide and its targeting by interleukin-10, J. Biol. Chem, vol.289, pp.4316-4325, 2014.

R. Jones, Plasma membrane structure and remodelling during sperm maturation in the epididymis, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl, vol.53, pp.73-84, 1998.

P. A. Ram, R. A. Cardullo, and C. F. Millette, Expression and topographical localization of cell surface fucosyltransferase activity during epididymal sperm maturation in the mouse, Gamete Res, vol.22, pp.321-332, 1989.

G. E. Ranges, I. S. Figari, T. Espevik, and M. A. Palladino, Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha, J. Exp. Med, vol.166, pp.991-998, 1987.

T. R. Redfern, P. J. English, C. D. Baumber, and D. Mcghie, The aetiology and management of acute epididymitis, Br J Surg, vol.71, pp.703-705, 1984.

C. Reis-e-sousa, Dendritic cells in a mature age, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.6, pp.476-483, 2006.

H. Rejraji, B. Sion, G. Prensier, M. Carreras, C. Motta et al., Lipid remodeling of murine epididymosomes and spermatozoa during epididymal maturation, Biol. Reprod, vol.74, pp.1104-1113, 2006.

J. C. Ribot, A. Debarros, D. J. Pang, J. F. Neves, V. Peperzak et al., CD27 is a thymic determinant of the balance between interferon-gamma-and interleukin 17-producing gammadelta T cell subsets, Nat. Immunol, vol.10, pp.427-436, 2009.

R. T. Richardson, P. Sivashanmugam, S. H. Hall, K. G. Hamil, P. A. Moore et al., Cloning and sequencing of human Eppin: a novel family of protease inhibitors expressed in the epididymis and testis, Gene, vol.270, pp.93-102, 2001.

J. Riond, S. Rodriguez, M. Nicolau, T. Saati, and J. E. Gairin, In vivo major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) expression on MHCIlow tumor cells is regulated by gammadelta T and NK cells during the early steps of tumor growth, Cancer Immun, vol.9, p.10, 2009.

A. W. Ritchie, T. B. Hargreave, K. James, and G. D. Chisholm, Intra-epithelial lymphocytes in the normal epididymis. A mechanism for tolerance to sperm auto-antigens?, Br J Urol, vol.56, pp.79-83, 1984.

B. Robaire and B. F. Hales, Regulation of epididymal glutathione S-transferases: effects of orchidectomy and androgen replacement, Biol. Reprod, vol.26, pp.559-565, 1982.

B. Robaire and L. Hermo, The physiology of Reproduction, 1988.

B. Robaire, B. T. Hinton, and M. Orgebin-crist, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of reproduction, 2006.

N. C. Robson, D. J. Phillips, T. Mcalpine, A. Shin, S. Svobodova et al., Activin-A: a novel dendritic cell-derived cytokine that potently attenuates CD40 ligand-specific cytokine and chemokine production, Blood, vol.111, pp.2733-2743, 2008.

A. Rodrigues, D. B. Queiróz, L. Honda, E. J. Silva, S. H. Hall et al., Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by in vivo and in vitro exposure of rat epididymis to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia Coli, Biol. Reprod, vol.79, pp.1135-1147, 2008.

B. J. Rollins, Chemokines. Blood, vol.90, pp.909-928, 1997.

S. Ronger-savle, J. Valladeau, A. Claudy, D. Schmitt, J. Peguet-navarro et al., TGFbeta inhibits CD1d expression on dendritic cells, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.124, pp.116-118, 2005.

A. Rosendahl, D. Checchin, T. E. Fehniger, P. Ten-dijke, C. H. Heldin et al., Activation of the TGF-beta/activin-Smad2 pathway during allergic airway inflammation, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol, vol.25, pp.60-68, 2001.

M. Rossato, G. Curtale, N. Tamassia, M. Castellucci, L. Mori et al., IL-10-induced microRNA-187 negatively regulates TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-12p40 production in TLR4-stimulated monocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.109, pp.3101-3110, 2012.

A. W. Rowbottom, M. A. Lepper, R. J. Garland, C. V. Cox, and E. G. Corley, Interleukin-10-induced CD8 cell proliferation, Immunology, vol.98, pp.80-89, 1999.

M. J. Rowley, F. Teshima, and C. G. Heller, Duration of transit of spermatozoa through the human male ductular system, Fertil. Steril, vol.21, pp.390-396, 1970.

J. J. Ruegemer, S. N. Ho, J. A. Augustine, J. W. Schlager, M. P. Bell et al., Regulatory effects of transforming growth factor-beta on IL-2-and IL-4-dependent T cell-cycle progression, J. Immunol, vol.144, pp.1767-1776, 1990.

P. H. Rumke, The presence of sperm antibodies in theserum of two patients with oligospermia, Vox Sang, vol.4, pp.135-140, 1954.

J. H. Russell and T. J. Ley, Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.20, pp.323-370, 2002.

A. Rusz, A. Pilatz, F. Wagenlehner, T. Linn, T. Diemer et al., Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility, World J Urol, vol.30, pp.23-30, 2012.

A. Saito, N. Motomura, K. Kakimi, K. Narui, N. Noguchi et al., Vascular allografts are resistant to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a murine model, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg, vol.136, pp.159-167, 2008.

M. Saitou, M. Furuse, H. Sasaki, J. D. Schulzke, M. Fromm et al., Complex phenotype of mice lacking occludin, a component of tight junction strands, Mol. Biol. Cell, vol.11, pp.4131-4142, 2000.

M. R. Salaman, A two-step hypothesis for the appearance of autoimmune disease, Autoimmunity, vol.36, pp.57-61, 2003.

L. P. Sanford, I. Ormsby, A. C. Gittenberger-de-groot, H. Sariola, R. Friedman et al., TGFbeta2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGFbeta knockout phenotypes, Development, vol.124, pp.2659-2670, 1997.

M. A. Santana and F. Esquivel-guadarrama, Cell biology of T cell activation and differentiation, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.250, pp.217-274, 2006.

A. D. Santin, P. L. Hermonat, A. Ravaggi, S. Bellone, S. Pecorelli et al., Interleukin-10 increases Th1 cytokine production and cytotoxic potential in human papillomavirus-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes, J. Virol, vol.74, pp.4729-4737, 2000.

D. E. Sawyer, B. G. Mercer, A. M. Wiklendt, and R. J. Aitken, Quantitative analysis of gene-specific DNA damage in human spermatozoa, Mutat. Res, vol.529, pp.21-34, 2003.

C. J. Scarlett, M. Lin, and R. J. Aitken, Actin polymerisation during morphogenesis of the acrosome as spermatozoa undergo epididymal maturation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), J. Anat, vol.198, pp.93-101, 2001.

L. Schandené, C. Alonso-vega, F. Willems, C. Gérard, A. Delvaux et al., B7/CD28-dependent IL-5 production by human resting T cells is inhibited by IL-10, J. Immunol, vol.152, pp.4368-4374, 1994.

H. Schiessler, E. Fink, F. , and H. , Acid-stable proteinase inhibitors from human seminal plasma, Meth. Enzymol, vol.45, pp.847-859, 1976.

A. Schlitzer and F. Ginhoux, Organization of the mouse and human DC network, Curr. Opin. Immunol, vol.26, pp.90-99, 2014.

S. Schröter, C. Osterhoff, W. Mcardle, and R. Ivell, The glycocalyx of the sperm surface, Hum. Reprod. Update, vol.5, pp.302-313, 1999.

N. F. Scully, J. H. Shaper, and B. D. Shur, Spatial and temporal expression of cell surface galactosyltransferase during mouse spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, Dev. Biol, vol.124, pp.111-124, 1987.

U. Seemüller, M. Arnhold, H. Fritz, K. Wiedenmann, W. Machleidt et al., Complete amino acid sequence as revealed by protein and cDNA sequencing and structural homology to whey proteins and Red Sea turtle proteinase inhibitor, FEBS Lett, vol.199, pp.43-48, 1986.

S. E. Segerer, N. Müller, J. Brandt, . Van-den, M. Kapp et al., The glycoprotein-hormones activin A and inhibin A interfere with dendritic cell maturation, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, vol.6, p.17, 2008.

P. Seiler, I. Wenzel, A. Wagenfeld, C. H. Yeung, E. Nieschlag et al., The appearance of basal cells in the developing murine epididymis and their temporal expression of macrophage antigens, Int. J. Androl, vol.21, pp.217-226, 1998.

P. Seiler, T. G. Cooper, C. H. Yeung, and E. Nieschlag, Regional variation in macrophage antigen expression by murine epididymal basal cells and their regulation by testicular factors, J. Androl, vol.20, pp.738-746, 1999.

P. Seiler, T. G. Cooper, and E. Nieschlag, Sperm number and condition affect the number of basal cells and their expression of macrophage antigen in the murine epididymis, Int. J. Androl, vol.23, pp.65-76, 2000.

M. Semitekolou, T. Alissafi, M. Aggelakopoulou, E. Kourepini, H. H. Kariyawasam et al., Activin-A induces regulatory T cells that suppress T helper cell immune responses and protect from allergic airway disease, J. Exp. Med, vol.206, pp.1769-1785, 2009.

N. Seo, Y. Tokura, M. Takigawa, and K. Egawa, Depletion of IL-10-and TGF-betaproducing regulatory gamma delta T cells by administering a daunomycin-conjugated specific monoclonal antibody in early tumor lesions augments the activity of CTLs and NK cells, J. Immunol, vol.163, pp.242-249, 1999.

M. Sergerie, G. Bleau, R. Teulé, M. Daudin, and L. Bujan, , 2005.

, Gynecol Obstet Fertil, vol.33, pp.89-101

V. Serre, R. , and B. , Distribution of immune cells in the epididymis of the aging Brown Norway rat is segment-specific and related to the luminal content, Biol. Reprod, vol.61, pp.705-714, 1999.

B. P. Setchell, S. Maddocks, and D. E. Brooks, Anatomy, vasculature, innervation, and fluids of the male reproductive tract, The physiology of reproduction, pp.1063-1175, 1994.

C. Sgadari, A. L. Angiolillo, and G. Tosato, Inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-12 is mediated by the interferon-inducible protein 10, Blood, vol.87, pp.3877-3882, 1996.

E. M. Shevach, From vanilla to 28 flavors: multiple varieties of T regulatory cells, Immunity, vol.25, pp.195-201, 2006.

A. Shibuya, N. Sakamoto, Y. Shimizu, K. Shibuya, M. Osawa et al., Fc alpha/mu receptor mediates endocytosis of IgM-coated microbes, Nat. Immunol, vol.1, pp.441-446, 2000.

D. C. Shugars, Endogenous mucosal antiviral factors of the oral cavity, J. Infect. Dis, vol.179, pp.431-435, 1999.

D. C. Shugars, A. L. Alexander, K. Fu, and S. A. Freel, Endogenous salivary inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus, Arch. Oral Biol, vol.44, pp.445-453, 1999.

M. M. Shull, I. Ormsby, A. B. Kier, S. Pawlowski, R. J. Diebold et al., Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease, Nature, vol.359, pp.693-699, 1992.

W. W. Shum, T. B. Smith, V. Cortez-retamozo, L. S. Grigoryeva, J. W. Roy et al., Epithelial basal cells are distinct from dendritic cells and macrophages in the mouse epididymis, Biol. Reprod, vol.90, p.90, 2014.

W. W. Shum, N. Da-silva, D. Brown, and S. Breton, Regulation of luminal acidification in the male reproductive tract via cell-cell crosstalk, J. Exp. Biol, vol.212, pp.1753-1761, 2009.

W. W. Shum, E. Hill, D. Brown, and S. Breton, Plasticity of basal cells during postnatal development in the rat epididymis, Reproduction, vol.146, pp.455-469, 2013.

B. Silva-santos, K. Serre, and H. Norell, ?? T cells in cancer, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.15, pp.683-691, 2015.

I. Simms, D. M. Fleming, C. M. Lowndes, G. E. Smith, and R. S. Chapman, , 2006.

, Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases in general practice: a description of trends in the Royal College of General Practitioners Weekly Returns Service between 1994 and, Int J STD AIDS, vol.17, pp.693-698, 2001.

P. Sipilä, T. G. Cooper, C. Yeung, M. Mustonen, J. Penttinen et al., Epididymal dysfunction initiated by the expression of simian virus 40 T-antigen leads to angulated sperm flagella and infertility in transgenic mice, Mol. Endocrinol, vol.16, pp.2603-2617, 2002.

P. Sivashanmugam, S. H. Hall, K. G. Hamil, F. S. French, M. G. O'rand et al., Characterization of mouse Eppin and a gene cluster of similar protease inhibitors on mouse chromosome 2, Gene, vol.312, pp.125-134, 2003.

T. B. Smith, V. Cortez-retamozo, L. S. Grigoryeva, E. Hill, M. J. Pittet et al., Mononuclear phagocytes rapidly clear apoptotic epithelial cells in the proximal epididymis, Andrology, vol.2, pp.755-762, 2014.

M. J. Smyth, S. L. Strobl, H. A. Young, J. R. Ortaldo, and A. C. Ochoa, Regulation of lymphokine-activated killer activity and pore-forming protein gene expression in human peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes. Inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta, J. Immunol, vol.146, pp.3289-3297, 1991.

M. J. Smyth, K. Y. Thia, S. E. Street, D. Macgregor, D. I. Godfrey et al., , 2000.

, Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity is critical for surveillance of spontaneous lymphoma, J. Exp. Med, vol.192, pp.755-760

M. J. Smyth, N. Y. Crowe, and D. I. Godfrey, NK cells and NKT cells collaborate in host protection from methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, Int. Immunol, vol.13, pp.459-463, 2001.

K. A. Sochacki, K. J. Barns, R. Bucki, and J. C. Weisshaar, Real-time attack on single Escherichia coli cells by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.77-81, 2011.

C. Soler, C. H. Yeung, and T. G. Cooper, Development of sperm motility patterns in the murine epididymis, Int. J. Androl, vol.17, pp.271-278, 1994.

L. Soranzo, J. P. Dadoune, and M. A. Fain-maurel, , 1982.

, Reprod Nutr Dev, vol.22, pp.999-1012

A. Stammler, D. Müller, Y. Tabuchi, L. Konrad, and R. Middendorff, TGF?s modulate permeability of the blood-epididymis barrier in an in vitro model, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.80611, 2013.

J. E. Stern, S. Gardner, D. Quirk, and C. R. Wira, Secretory immune system of the male reproductive tract: effects of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol on IgA and secretory component levels, J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.22, pp.73-85, 1992.

E. Stöcklin, F. Botteri, and B. Groner, An activated allele of the c-erbB-2 oncogene impairs kidney and lung function and causes early death of transgenic mice, J. Cell Biol, vol.122, pp.199-208, 1993.

T. W. Stone and L. G. Darlington, Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development, Nat Rev Drug Discov, vol.1, pp.609-620, 2002.

S. S. Suarez and A. A. Pacey, Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract, Hum. Reprod. Update, vol.12, pp.23-37, 2006.

R. Sullivan, Male fertility markers, myth or reality, Anim. Reprod. Sci, vol.82, issue.83, pp.341-347, 2004.

R. Sullivan, G. Frenette, and J. Girouard, Epididymosomes are involved in the acquisition of new sperm proteins during epididymal transit, Asian J. Androl, vol.9, pp.483-491, 2007.

E. L. Sun and C. J. Flickinger, Morphological characteristics of cells with apical nuclei in the initial segment of the adult rat epididymis, Anat. Rec, vol.196, pp.285-293, 1980.

P. Sutovsky, R. Moreno, J. Ramalho-santos, T. Dominko, W. E. Thompson et al., A putative, ubiquitin-dependent mechanism for the recognition and elimination of defective spermatozoa in the mammalian epididymis, J. Cell. Sci, vol.114, pp.1665-1675, 2001.

F. Suzuki, Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excurrent duct system, Am. J. Anat, vol.163, pp.309-325, 1982.

F. Suzuki and T. Nagano, Development of tight junctions in the caput epididymal epithelium of the mouse, Dev. Biol, vol.63, pp.321-334, 1978.

P. Syntin and G. A. Cornwall, Immunolocalization of CRES (Cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein in the acrosomes of mouse spermatozoa, Biol. Reprod, vol.60, pp.1542-1552, 1999.

S. J. Szabo, S. T. Kim, G. L. Costa, X. Zhang, C. G. Fathman et al., A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment, Cell, vol.100, pp.655-669, 2000.

H. Takano, K. Abe, and T. Ito, Changes in the mouse epididymis after ligation of the ductuli efferentes or proximal epididymal duct: qualitative and quantitative histological studies, 1981.

, Kaibogaku Zasshi, vol.56, pp.79-90

K. Takeda, A. , and S. , Toll-like receptors in innate immunity, Int. Immunol, vol.17, pp.1-14, 2005.

K. Takeda, M. J. Smyth, E. Cretney, Y. Hayakawa, N. Kayagaki et al., Critical role for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in immune surveillance against tumor development, J. Exp. Med, vol.195, pp.161-169, 2002.

K. Takeda, T. Kaisho, A. , and S. , Toll-like receptors, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.21, pp.335-376, 2003.

O. Takikawa, Y. Tagawa, Y. Iwakura, R. Yoshida, and R. J. Truscott, Interferongamma-dependent/independent expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Studies with interferon-gamma-knockout mice, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, vol.467, pp.553-557, 1999.

K. Tanaka, M. Fujisawa, S. Arakawa, and S. Kamidono, Local expression of cytokine messenger RNA in rat model of Escherichia coli epididymitis, J. Urol, vol.154, pp.2179-2184, 1995.

Y. Q. Tang, J. Yuan, G. Osapay, K. Osapay, D. Tran et al., A cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced in primate leukocytes by the ligation of two truncated alpha-defensins, Science, vol.286, pp.498-502, 1999.

P. F. Tauber, L. J. Zaneveld, D. Propping, and G. F. Schumacher, Components of human split ejaculates. II. Enzymes and proteinase inhibitors, J. Reprod. Fertil, vol.46, pp.165-171, 1976.

P. J. Taylor and J. A. Collins, Unexplained infertility, pp.128-131, 1992.

P. Terness, T. M. Bauer, L. Röse, C. Dufter, A. Watzlik et al., Inhibition of allogeneic T cell proliferation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells: mediation of suppression by tryptophan metabolites, J. Exp. Med, vol.196, pp.447-457, 2002.

M. C. Territo, T. Ganz, M. E. Selsted, and R. Lehrer, Monocyte-chemotactic activity of defensins from human neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest, vol.84, pp.2017-2020, 1989.

L. A. Thompson, C. L. Barratt, A. E. Bolton, and I. D. Cooke, The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol, vol.28, pp.85-89, 1992.

T. L. Tollner, A. I. Yudin, C. A. Treece, J. W. Overstreet, and G. N. Cherr, Macaque sperm release ESP13.2 and PSP94 during capacitation: the absence of ESP13.2 is linked to sperm-zona recognition and binding, Mol. Reprod. Dev, vol.69, pp.325-337, 2004.

T. L. Tollner, A. I. Yudin, C. A. Treece, J. W. Overstreet, and G. N. Cherr, Macaque sperm coating protein DEFB126 facilitates sperm penetration of cervical mucus, Hum. Reprod, vol.23, pp.2523-2534, 2008.

J. F. Tomee, P. S. Hiemstra, R. Heinzel-wieland, and H. F. Kauffman, , 1997.

, Antileukoprotease: an endogenous protein in the innate mucosal defense against fungi, J. Infect. Dis, vol.176, pp.740-747

D. N. Veeramachaneni, B. D. Schanbacher, and R. P. Amann, Immunolocalization and concentrations of inhibin alpha in the ovine testis and excurrent duct system, Biol. Reprod, vol.41, pp.499-503, 1989.

E. Veräjänkorva, P. Pöllänen, A. Hänninen, M. Martikainen, J. Sundström et al., IL-10 is highly expressed in the cryptorchid cryptepididymal epithelium: a probable mechanism preventing immune responses against autoantigenic spermatozoa in the epididymal tubule, Int. J. Androl, vol.25, pp.129-133, 2002.

J. P. Veri, L. Hermo, R. , and B. , Immunocytochemical localization of the Yf subunit of glutathione S-transferase P shows regional variation in the staining of epithelial cells of the testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis of the male rat, J. Androl, vol.14, pp.23-44, 1993.

P. Vernet, A. Britan, E. Gueux, A. Mazur, and J. R. Drevet, Dietary magnesium depletion does not promote oxidative stress but targets apical cells within the mouse caput epididymidis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1675, pp.32-45, 2004.

M. D. Vesely, M. H. Kershaw, R. D. Schreiber, and M. J. Smyth, Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.29, pp.235-271, 2011.

D. A. Vignali, L. W. Collison, and C. J. Workman, How regulatory T cells work, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.8, pp.523-532, 2008.

P. E. Visconti, H. Galantino-homer, X. Ning, G. D. Moore, J. P. Valenzuela et al., Cholesterol efflux-mediated signal transduction in mammalian sperm. beta-cyclodextrins initiate transmembrane signaling leading to an increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation, J. Biol. Chem, vol.274, pp.3235-3242, 1999.

R. De-waal-malefyt, J. Abrams, B. Bennett, C. G. Figdor, and J. E. De-vries, , 1991.

, IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes, J. Exp. Med, vol.10, pp.1209-1220

Y. F. Wang and A. F. Holstein, Intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages in the human epididymis, Cell Tissue Res, vol.233, pp.517-521, 1983.

G. Wang, Y. Wu, T. Zhou, Y. Guo, B. Zheng et al., Mapping of the N-linked glycoproteome of human spermatozoa, J. Proteome Res, vol.12, pp.5750-5759, 2013.

L. Wang, Q. Yuan, S. Chen, H. Cai, M. Lu et al., Antimicrobial activity and molecular mechanism of the CRES protein, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.48368, 2012.

W. Weidner, C. Garbe, L. Weissbach, J. Harbrecht, K. Kleinschmidt et al., , 1990.

, Urologe A, vol.29, pp.272-276

K. Wheeler, S. Tardif, C. Rival, B. Luu, E. Bui et al., Regulatory T cells control tolerogenic versus autoimmune response to sperm in vasectomy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.7511-7516, 2011.

R. Wijayarathna, D. M. De-kretser, R. Sreenivasan, H. Ludlow, R. Middendorff et al., Comparative analysis of activins A and B in the adult mouse epididymis and vas deferens, Reproduction, vol.155, pp.15-23, 2018.

L. Wilson, Sperm agglutinins in human semen and blood, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med, vol.85, pp.652-655, 1954.

W. R. Winnall, H. Wu, M. A. Sarraj, P. A. Rogers, D. M. De-kretser et al., Expression patterns of activin, inhibin and follistatin variants in the adult male mouse reproductive tract suggest important roles in the epididymis and vas deferens, Reprod. Fertil. Dev, vol.25, pp.570-580, 2013.

S. S. Witkin, J. Jeremias, A. M. Bongiovanni, and M. G. Munoz, Immune regulation in the male genital tract, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, vol.4, pp.131-135, 1996.

L. A. Wolfraim, T. M. Walz, Z. James, T. Fernandez, and J. J. Letterio, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 act in synergy to alter the sensitivity of naive T cells to TGF-beta-mediated G1 arrest through modulation of IL-2 responsiveness, J. Immunol, vol.173, pp.3093-3102, 2004.

S. Xie, J. Xu, W. Ma, Q. Liu, J. Han et al., Lcn5 promoter directs the region-specific expression of cre recombinase in caput epididymidis of transgenic mice, Biol. Reprod, vol.88, p.71, 2013.

Y. Xing and K. A. Hogquist, T-cell tolerance: central and peripheral, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, vol.4, 2012.

E. Yakirevich, O. Yanai, Y. Sova, E. Sabo, A. Stein et al., , 2002.

, Cytotoxic phenotype of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in normal and cryptorchid human testicular excurrent ducts, Hum. Reprod, vol.17, pp.275-283

S. Yamagiwa, J. D. Gray, S. Hashimoto, and D. A. Horwitz, A role for TGF-beta in the generation and expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from human peripheral blood, J. Immunol, vol.166, pp.7282-7289, 2001.

Y. Yamaguchi, H. Tsumura, M. Miwa, and K. Inaba, Contrasting effects of TGF-beta 1 and TNF-alpha on the development of dendritic cells from progenitors in mouse bone marrow, Stem Cells, vol.15, pp.144-153, 1997.

Y. Yamaguchi, T. Nagase, R. Makita, S. Fukuhara, T. Tomita et al., Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice, J. Immunol, vol.169, pp.2516-2523, 2002.

S. Yamamoto and O. Hayaishi, Tryptophan pyrrolase of rabbit intestine. D-and Ltryptophan-cleaving enzyme or enzymes, J. Biol. Chem, vol.242, pp.5260-5266, 1967.

D. Yang, O. Chertov, and J. J. Oppenheim, Participation of mammalian defensins and cathelicidins in anti-microbial immunity: receptors and activities of human defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37), J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.69, pp.691-697, 2001.

M. R. Yeaman and N. Y. Yount, Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance, Pharmacol. Rev, vol.55, pp.27-55, 2003.

S. Yenugu, K. G. Hamil, C. E. Birse, S. M. Ruben, F. S. French et al., , 2003.

, Antibacterial properties of the sperm-binding proteins and peptides of human epididymis 2 (HE2) family; salt sensitivity, structural dependence and their interaction with outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli, Biochem. J, vol.372, pp.473-483

S. Yenugu, K. G. Hamil, Y. Radhakrishnan, F. S. French, and S. H. Hall, The androgen-regulated epididymal sperm-binding protein, human beta-defensin 118 (DEFB118) (formerly ESC42), is an antimicrobial beta-defensin, Endocrinology, vol.145, pp.3165-3173, 2004.

S. Yenugu, K. G. Hamil, F. S. French, and S. H. Hall, Antimicrobial actions of the human epididymis 2 (HE2) protein isoforms, HE2alpha, HE2beta1 and HE2beta2, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, vol.2, p.61, 2004.

S. Yenugu, K. G. Hamil, G. Grossman, P. Petrusz, F. S. French et al., , 2006.

, Identification, cloning and functional characterization of novel sperm associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) isoforms in the rat, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, vol.4, p.23

S. Yenugu, K. G. Hamil, F. S. French, and S. H. Hall, Antimicrobial actions of human and macaque sperm associated antigen (SPAG) 11 isoforms: influence of the N-terminal peptide, Mol. Cell. Biochem, vol.284, pp.25-37, 2006.

S. Yenugu, V. Chintalgattu, C. J. Wingard, Y. Radhakrishnan, F. S. French et al., Identification, cloning and functional characterization of novel beta-defensins in the rat (Rattus norvegicus), Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, vol.4, p.7, 2006.

C. H. Yeung, T. G. Cooper, G. F. Weinbauer, M. Bergmann, G. Kleinhans et al., Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo, Int. J. Androl, vol.12, pp.384-394, 1989.

C. H. Yeung, D. Nashan, C. Sorg, F. Oberpenning, H. Schulze et al., Basal cells of the human epididymis--antigenic and ultrastructural similarities to tissue-fixed macrophages, Biol. Reprod, vol.50, pp.917-926, 1994.

C. Yeung, K. Wang, and T. G. Cooper, Why are epididymal tumours so rare?, Asian J. Androl, vol.14, pp.465-475, 2012.

W. M. Yokoyama, Now you see it, now you don't!, Nat. Immunol, vol.1, pp.95-97, 2000.

M. Yoneyama, M. Kikuchi, K. Matsumoto, T. Imaizumi, M. Miyagishi et al., Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity, J. Immunol, vol.175, pp.2851-2858, 2005.

R. Yoshida, T. Nukiwa, Y. Watanabe, M. Fujiwara, F. Hirata et al., Regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in the small intestine and the epididymis of mice, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, vol.203, pp.343-351, 1980.

K. Yoshinaga, I. Tanii, T. Oh-oka, and K. Toshimori, Changes in distribution and molecular weight of the acrosomal protein acrin2 (MC41) during guinea pig spermiogenesis and epididymal maturation, Cell Tissue Res, vol.303, pp.253-261, 2001.

K. J. Young, L. S. Kay, M. J. Phillips, and L. Zhang, Antitumor activity mediated by double-negative T cells, Cancer Res, vol.63, pp.8014-8021, 2003.

C. C. Yu, J. K. Huang, H. Chiang, M. T. Chen, C. et al., Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the epididymis: a case report and review of the literature, J. Urol, vol.147, pp.162-165, 1992.

L. Yu, L. Wang, C. , and S. , Endogenous toll-like receptor ligands and their biological significance, J. Cell. Mol. Med, vol.14, pp.2592-2603, 2010.

A. I. Yudin, T. L. Tollner, M. Li, C. A. Treece, J. W. Overstreet et al., , 2003.

, ESP13.2, a member of the beta-defensin family, is a macaque sperm surface-coating protein involved in the capacitation process, Biol. Reprod, vol.69, pp.1118-1128

A. I. Yudin, C. A. Treece, T. L. Tollner, J. W. Overstreet, and G. N. Cherr, The carbohydrate structure of DEFB126, the major component of the cynomolgus Macaque sperm plasma membrane glycocalyx, J. Membr. Biol, vol.207, pp.119-129, 2005.

A. Zaballos, R. Villares, J. P. Albar, C. Martínez-a, and G. Márquez, Identification on mouse chromosome 8 of new beta-defensin genes with regionally specific expression in the male reproductive organ, J. Biol. Chem, vol.279, pp.12421-12426, 2004.

K. Zhang, R. Gao, H. Zhang, X. Cai, C. Shen et al., Molecular cloning and characterization of three novel lysozyme-like genes, predominantly expressed in the male reproductive system of humans, belonging to the c-type lysozyme/alphalactalbumin family, Biol. Reprod, vol.73, pp.1064-1071, 2005.

T. Zhang, C. X. Guo, Z. Y. Hu, and Y. X. Liu, Localization of plasminogen activator and inhibitor, LH and androgen receptors and inhibin subunits in monkey epididymis, Mol. Hum. Reprod, vol.3, pp.945-952, 1997.

X. Zhang, K. Ogl?cka, S. Sandgren, M. Belting, E. K. Esbjörner et al., Dual functions of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37-target membrane perturbation and host cell cargo delivery, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1798, pp.2201-2208, 2010.

Z. X. Zhang, L. Yang, K. J. Young, B. Dutemple, and L. Zhang, Identification of a previously unknown antigen-specific regulatory T cell and its mechanism of suppression, Nat. Med, vol.6, pp.782-789, 2000.

Y. Zhao, H. Diao, Z. Ni, S. Hu, H. Yu et al., The epididymis-specific antimicrobial peptide ?-defensin 15 is required for sperm motility and male fertility in the rat (Rattus norvegicus), Cell. Mol. Life Sci, vol.68, pp.697-708, 2011.

Y. Zhao, J. Guo, Z. Wu, Y. Xiong, and W. Zhou, Innate immune responses of epididymal epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus infection, Immunol. Lett, vol.119, pp.84-90, 2008.

W. Zheng and R. A. Flavell, The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells, Cell, vol.89, pp.587-596, 1997.

W. Zheng, C. Wang, and Z. , Identification and function analysis of macrophages subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, 2017.

C. X. Zhou, Y. Zhang, L. Xiao, M. Zheng, K. M. Leung et al., An epididymis-specific beta-defensin is important for the initiation of sperm maturation, Nat. Cell Biol, vol.6, pp.458-464, 2004.

Y. S. Zhou, S. Webb, L. Lettice, S. Tardif, F. Kilanowski et al., Partial deletion of chromosome 8 ?-defensin cluster confers sperm dysfunction and infertility in male mice, PLoS Genet, vol.9, 2013.

W. Zhu, S. Zhao, Z. Liu, L. Cheng, Q. Wang et al., Pattern recognition receptor-initiated innate antiviral responses in mouse epididymal epithelial cells, J. Immunol, vol.194, pp.4825-4835, 2015.

D. Zipori and M. Barda-saad, Role of activin A in negative regulation of normal and tumor B lymphocytes, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.69, pp.867-873, 2001.