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W. Bank, Amnesty-the dummy variable takes value 1 for all countries from, 2004.

, EU-15-the dummy variable takes value 1 if the country of origin belongs to the European Union as of 1997. Thus, it is 1 for Austria

, Schengen Area-the dummy variable takes value 1 from the inclusion of a country in the Schengen Area, vol.1, 1997.

. For-hungary, . Malta, . Poland, . Latvia, . Estonia et al., , 2009.

, Eastern Enlargement-the dummy variable takes value 1 from May 2004 for Cyprus, vakia and Slovenia, 2004.

, for Romania and Bulgaria (source: www.europa.eu.int). Visa requirement for non-immigrant admission-the dummy variable takes value 1 for those countries and periods for which a visa was required to enter Spain, Romania and Bulgaria Enlargement-the dummy variable takes value 1 from, 2007.

. Norway;-liechtenstein;-croatia, country-month pairs for which the Schengen area dummy is 1; Eastern Enlargement, 2001.

;. Chile;-peru;-argentina;-bolivia-until-;-venezuela;-paraguay;-brazil;-uruguay and . Mexico, July, 2001.

C. Rica,

E. Salvador,

;. Guatemala;-honduras;-panama, ;. Nicaragua, and . Australia,

;. South-korea, ;. Brunei, ;. Israel;-japan;-malaysia;-singapore, and B. Antigua, The sources are, 2009.

, es) and bilateral agreements of Spain with Latin American countries (www.mtin.es and www.boe.es). Bilateral agreement on double nationality-the dummy takes value 1 if a bilateral agreement on double nationality with Spain exists, Schengen Area regulations